Menene bambanci tsakanin makamashi kyauta da makamashin saman?A cikin bincike na ƙarshe, wannan tambaya ce kawai ta ma'ana.Ƙarfin da ke cikin sararin sama shine makamashi kyauta a cikin takamaiman sarari (samuwar kayan abu).A cikin mafi kyawun ma'anar thermodynamics, makamashi kyauta yana nufin makamashin da za a iya amfani dashi don yin aiki, haifar da tasiri, da kuma yin wani abu ya faru.Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na sararin samaniya yana da alaƙa da makamashin da za a iya yi a saman kayan.
Ga masana'antun da duk wanda ke da hannu a mannewa, tsaftacewa, haɗin gwiwa, sutura, tawada da ƙirar fenti, rufewa, ko duk wani tsari da ya haɗa da hulɗar saman da sauran filaye ko muhallinsu, ana taƙaice makamashin kyauta na saman zuwa kawai makamashin Surface.
Fuskoki suna da mahimmanci ga duk hanyoyin da aka jera a sama, kuma ko da suna da tasiri kai tsaye akan ayyukan masana'antun samfuran a duk masana'antu, galibi ba a auna su ba don haka ba a sarrafa su.
Sarrafa ƙasa a cikin masana'anta yana nufin sarrafa ƙarfin saman kayan da ake amfani da su.
Saman yana kunshe da kwayoyin halittar da ke mu’amala da juna ta hanyar sinadarai da kuma kwayoyin da ke hade saman sauran kayan da suke haduwa da su.Don canza makamashin saman, dole ne a fahimci cewa ana iya cire waɗannan kwayoyin ta hanyar tsaftacewa da magani, maye gurbinsu ko kuma sarrafa su don samar da matakan makamashi daban-daban da kuma cimma sakamakon da ake so.Domin sarrafa makamashin saman, dole ne a auna shi a duk tsawon tsarin canza sinadarai don sanin lokacin da nawa.Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya samun madaidaicin adadin kuzarin da ake buƙata a lokacin da ya dace yayin aikin mannewa ko tsaftacewa.
Don fahimtar yadda kwayoyin ke yin aikin gina haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi da tsabtace saman sinadarai, muna buƙatar fahimtar jan hankali da ke jan kwayoyin halitta tare kuma ya zama jimillar kuzarin da ke sama.
Lokacin da muke magana game da makamashin sararin samaniya, muna magana ne game da ikon wannan saman don yin aiki.A zahiri, wannan shine ikon saman don motsa kwayoyin - wannan motsi yana buƙatar kuzari.Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa saman da kwayoyin da ke hade da farfajiya iri ɗaya ne.Idan babu kwayoyin halitta, babu wani saman.Idan babu makamashi, waɗannan kwayoyin ba za su iya kammala aikin adsorbing a kan m, don haka babu haɗin kai.
Saboda haka, aikin yana daidai da makamashi kai tsaye.Ƙarin aiki yana buƙatar ƙarin kuzari.Haka kuma, idan kuna da ƙarin kuzari, aikinku zai ƙaru.Ƙarfin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta yana zuwa daga sha'awarsa zuwa wasu kwayoyin halitta.Waɗannan runduna masu ban sha'awa sun fito daga hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda kwayoyin ke hulɗa.
Ainihin, kwayoyin suna yin mu'amala saboda suna da ingantaccen cajin kwayoyin halitta, kuma suna jawo sabanin caji tsakanin kwayoyin.Gajimare na electrons yana yawo a kusa da kwayoyin halitta.Saboda waɗannan na'urorin lantarki masu motsi akai-akai, kwayoyin suna da madaidaicin caji a cikin kwayoyin halitta na wani yanki.Idan duk kwayoyin halitta suna da caji iri ɗaya a kusa da su, babu ƙwayoyin da za su jawo junansu.Ka yi tunanin ƙwallo biyu, kowane mai ɗaukar ƙwallon yana da daidaitaccen rarraba electrons a samansa.Ba za su jawo hankalin juna ba saboda dukansu suna da caji mara kyau kuma babu wani caji mai kyau da za a iya jan hankali.
Abin farin ciki, a cikin duniyar gaske, waɗannan gizagizai na lantarki suna cikin motsi akai-akai, kuma akwai yankunan da ke da caji mai kyau ko mara kyau a kowane lokaci.Idan kana da kwayoyin halitta guda biyu masu cajin electrons a kusa da su a kowane lokaci cikin lokaci, za su sami ɗan jan hankali a tsakanin su.Ƙarfin da aka haifar ta hanyar rarraba bazuwar caji mai kyau da mara kyau a cikin gajimare na lantarki da ke kewaye da kwayoyin ana kiransa ƙarfin watsawa.
Wadannan dakarun suna da rauni sosai.Ba tare da la'akari da tsari ko abun da ke cikin kwayar halitta ba, akwai karfin tarwatsawa tsakanin dukkan kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke gaba da karfin polar da aka samar da tsarin kwayoyin halitta.
Misali, ƙarfin watsawa shine kawai ƙarfin da ke wanzu tsakanin ƙwayoyin nitrogen.A cikin yanayin zafi, nitrogen wani nau'in iskar gas ne, saboda ƙarfin tarwatsawa yana da rauni sosai, ba zai iya tsayayya da girgizar zafi ko da a mafi matsakaicin zafin jiki, kuma ba zai iya riƙe ƙwayoyin nitrogen tare ba.Sai kawai lokacin da muka cire kusan dukkanin ƙarfin zafi ta hanyar sanyaya shi zuwa ƙasa -195 ° C ne nitrogen ya zama ruwa.Da zarar makamashin thermal ya ragu sosai, ƙarfin watsawa mai rauni zai iya shawo kan girgizar zafin rana kuma ya ja ƙwayoyin nitrogen tare don samar da ruwa.
Idan muka dubi ruwa, girmansa da yawansa sun yi kama da na nitrogen, amma tsari da tsarin kwayoyin ruwa sun bambanta da na nitrogen.Tunda ruwa ya zama kwayar halitta mai girman gaske, kwayoyin za su ja hankalin juna sosai, kuma ruwan zai kasance da ruwa har sai zafin ruwan ya tashi sama da 100 ° C.A wannan zafin jiki, ƙarfin zafi yana shawo kan kwayoyin halitta Tare da sojojin polar da aka haɗa tare, ruwan ya zama gas.
Babban abin da za a fahimta shine bambancin ƙarfi tsakanin ƙarfin tarwatsawa da ƙarfin iyakacin duniya wanda ke jawo kwayoyin halitta zuwa juna.Lokacin da muke magana game da makamashin saman da waɗannan runduna masu ban sha'awa ke samarwa, don Allah a tuna da wannan.
Watsewar makamashin saman wani bangare ne na makamashin saman, wanda ke samuwa ta hanyar tarwatsewar gizagizai na lantarki a cikin kwayoyin halitta a saman kayan.Jimillar makamashin saman sararin samaniya magana ce mai ban sha'awa na jan hankalin kwayoyin halitta ga junansu.Ƙarfin da aka tarwatsa yana daga cikin jimillar makamashi, koda kuwa sun kasance masu rauni da sassaukarwa.
Don kayan daban-daban, makamashin da aka tarwatsa ya bambanta.polymers masu kamshi sosai (kamar polystyrene) suna da zoben benzene da yawa da in mun gwada da manyan abubuwan tarwatsa makamashin saman.Hakazalika, saboda suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na heteroatoms (irin su chlorine), PVC kuma yana da babban tarwatsewar makamashin sararin samaniya a cikin jimlar ƙarfin saman su.
Saboda haka, rawar da makamashi na watsawa a cikin tsarin masana'antu ya dogara da kayan da ake amfani da su.Koyaya, tunda ƙarfin tarwatsawa da wuya ya dogara da takamaiman tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta, hanyar sarrafa su tana da iyaka.
Ma'amalar tarwatsawar karkatar da wutar lantarki dangane da waɗannan sauye-sauye ba ita ce hanya ɗaya tilo da kwayoyin ke hulɗa da juna ba.Saboda wasu fasalulluka na tsarin da ke haifar da wasu karfi masu ban sha'awa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin halitta na iya yin mu'amala da sauran kwayoyin halitta.Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don rarraba waɗannan rundunonin, kamar hulɗar acid-base, inda kwayoyin halitta ke hulɗa ta hanyar iya karba ko ba da gudummawar electrons.
Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna da siffofi na tsari waɗanda ke samar da dipoles na dindindin, wanda ke nufin cewa, baya ga bazuwar watsawar electrons a kusa da kwayoyin halitta, wasu sassan kwayoyin suna da kyau ko rashin kyau fiye da sauran.Waɗannan dipoles na dindindin sun fi kyau fiye da mu'amala masu tarwatsewa.
Saboda tsarin su, wasu kwayoyin halitta sun caje yankuna na dindindin waɗanda ko dai suna da inganci ko mara kyau.Polar surface Energy wani bangare ne na makamashin saman, wanda ke haifar da jan hankalin waɗannan caji tsakanin kwayoyin halitta.
Za mu iya mai da hankali cikin sauƙi duk hulɗar da ba ta warwatse ba a ƙarƙashin kariyar hulɗar polar.
Abubuwan tarwatsa kwayoyin halitta aiki ne na girman kwayar halitta, musamman yawan electrons da protons da ke akwai.Ba mu da iko sosai kan adadin electrons da protons, wanda ke iyakance ikon mu na sarrafa abubuwan da ke tarwatsewar makamashin saman.
Duk da haka, ɓangaren polar ya dogara da matsayin protons da electrons-siffar kwayoyin halitta.Za mu iya canza rarraba electrons da protons ta hanyoyin jiyya kamar maganin corona da maganin plasma.Wannan yayi kama da yadda za mu iya canza siffar toshe yumbu, amma koyaushe zai kula da inganci iri ɗaya.
Sojojin Polar suna da mahimmanci sosai saboda suna cikin ɓangaren makamashin saman da muke sarrafawa lokacin da muke yin jiyya a saman.Ƙaunar Dipole-dipole shine sanadin mannewa mai ƙarfi tsakanin yawancin adhesives, fenti da tawada da saman.Ta hanyar tsaftacewa, magani na harshen wuta, jiyya na corona, jiyya na plasma ko kowane nau'i na jiyya na saman, za mu iya haɓaka ɓangaren iyakacin duniya na makamashin saman, don haka inganta mannewa.
Ta hanyar yin amfani da gefen IPA guda ɗaya na goge sau biyu akan farfajiya ɗaya, ƙananan abubuwa masu ƙarfi ne kawai za'a iya gabatar da su a saman ƙasa don rage ɓangaren polar makamashin saman ba da gangan ba.Bugu da ƙari, ana iya yin amfani da farfajiyar fiye da kima, wanda ke canzawa kuma yana rage ƙarfin jiki.Lokacin da ba a samar da saman kwata-kwata, bangaren polar na makamashin saman shima zai canza.Wurin ajiya mai tsabta yana jan hankalin kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi, gami da kayan tattarawa.Wannan yana canza yanayin yanayin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana iya rage ƙarfin saman.
Da kyar za mu iya sarrafa girman tarwatsewar.Wadannan dakarun suna da mahimmanci, kuma akwai ƙananan ƙima a ƙoƙarin canza ƙarfin watsawa a matsayin hanyar sarrafa ingancin saman don cimma abin dogara a lokacin aikin masana'antu.
Lokacin da muka ƙirƙira ko gyara saman, muna zayyana kaddarorin ɓangaren polar na makamashin saman.Sabili da haka, idan muna son haɓaka tsarin jiyya na saman don sarrafa kayan abu, to muna so mu sarrafa abun da ke ciki na polar.
Ƙarfin da ke cikin sararin sama shine jimillar duk wani ƙarfin da ke aiki tsakanin kwayoyin halitta.Akwai wasu dabaru don samar da makamashi kyauta.Idan muka yanke shawarar bi da duk sojojin da ba su tarwatsewa a matsayin sojojin polar ba, ƙididdige ƙarfin kuzarin ƙasa yana da sauƙi.Tsarin tsari shine:
A cikin kera samfuran abin dogaro, jiyya na ƙasa, tsaftacewa da shirye-shiryen, ƙarancin kuzarin da ke cikin ƙasa daidai yake da makamashin ƙasa.
Saboda abubuwan da ake buƙata na samarwa da ke cikin matakai daban-daban, irin su aikin adhesion na haɗin gwiwa, daidaitaccen mannewa na tawada a kan filastik ko aikin suturar "tsabtace kai" shafi akan allon wayar hannu, duk sun dogara da sarrafawa. na surface Properties.Sabili da haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a fahimci makamashin sararin samaniya saboda sakamakon masana'anta.
Ƙarfin sararin samaniya yana zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda kwayoyin halitta ke jawo hankalin juna.Hanyoyin hulɗar polar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta sune mafi mahimmanci ga tsarin mannewa da tsaftacewa, saboda waɗannan matakan hulɗar kwayoyin halitta sune hulɗar kwayoyin halitta wanda za mu iya sarrafa mafi yawan ta hanyar jiyya na surface, nika, sanding, tsaftacewa, gogewa ko duk wani hanyoyin shirye-shiryen saman.
Sanin polarity da watsawa abun da ke ciki da kuma surface tashin hankali yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban adhesives, tawada da kuma coatings.Koyaya, don samfuran da aka ƙera ta amfani da adhesives, tawada, fenti da sutura, yawanci kawai muna buƙatar kula da sashin iyakacin duniya na makamashin saman, saboda shine wanda tsarin masana'anta ya shafa.
Auna jimlar makamashin saman ƙasa tsari ne mai rikitarwa kuma mai saurin kuskure.Koyaya, kusurwar lamba na ruwa guda ɗaya kamar ruwa kusan gabaɗaya an ƙaddara ta hanyar polar bangaren makamashin saman.Sabili da haka, ta hanyar auna kusurwar da aka samar da tsayin digo na ruwa a saman, za mu iya sani da daidaito mai ban mamaki yadda ɓangaren polar na makamashin saman ke canzawa.Gabaɗaya, mafi girman ƙarfin saman ƙasa, ƙaramin kusurwar da ɗigon ruwa ke haifarwa yana jan hankali sosai kuma yana yaduwa ko jika.Ƙarƙashin ƙarfi na saman zai sa ruwa ya yi ƙugiya kuma ya ragu cikin ƙananan kumfa a saman, samar da babban kusurwar lamba.Daidaitaccen ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin lamba yana da alaƙa da makamashin saman sabili da haka zuwa aikin adhesion, wanda ke ba masana'antun da ingantaccen abin dogaro da maimaitawa don tabbatar da ƙarfin samfuran su.
Don ƙarin koyo game da sarrafa tsarin masana'anta don samun ƙarin sakamako mai iya faɗi, zazzage littafin e-littafin mu kyauta: Tabbatar da mannewar tsinkaya a cikin masana'anta ta hanyar aiwatarwa.Wannan e-littafin shine jagorar ku don aiwatar da sa ido ta amfani da ƙididdigar tsinkaya, tsari wanda ke kawar da duk zato game da kiyaye ingancin saman gabaɗayan tsarin haɗin gwiwa.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris 29-2021