Na gode da ziyartar Nature.com.Sigar burauzar da kuke amfani da ita tana da iyakacin tallafin CSS.Don ƙwarewa mafi kyau, muna ba da shawarar ku yi amfani da sabuntar burauza (ko kuma musaki Yanayin dacewa a cikin Internet Explorer).A halin yanzu, don tabbatar da ci gaba da goyan baya, za mu sanya rukunin yanar gizon ba tare da salo da JavaScript ba.
An nuna kwanan nan cewa amfani da duban dan tayi yana ƙara yawan amfanin nama a cikin taimakon duban dan tayi mai kyau na allura (USeFNAB) idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada mai kyau na allura (FNAB).Har ya zuwa yau, dangantakar dake tsakanin bevel geometry da motsin tip ba a yi nazari sosai ba.A cikin wannan binciken, mun bincika kaddarorin sautin allura da girman juzu'i don nau'ikan geometries na allura daban-daban masu tsayi daban-daban.Amfani da lancet na al'ada 3.9 mm beveled, tip deflection power factor (DPR) a cikin iska da ruwa shine 220 da 105 µm/W, bi da bi.Wannan ya fi tsayin axisymmetric 4mm beveled tip, yana samar da 180 da 80 µm/W DPR a cikin iska da ruwa, bi da bi.Wannan binciken ya nuna muhimmancin alakar da ke tsakanin lanƙwasa taurin gemfurin bevel a cikin mahallin hanyoyi daban-daban na shigar, don haka na iya ba da haske kan hanyoyin da za a iya sarrafa aikin yanke huda bayan huda ta hanyar canza ginshiƙan bevel ɗin allura, wanda ke da mahimmanci.don aikace-aikacen USeFNAB yana da mahimmanci.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar allura (FNA) hanya ce ta samun samfuran nama don abubuwan da ake zargi da cutar1,2,3 ta amfani da allura.An nuna tip na Franseen don samar da aikin bincike mafi girma fiye da nasihun lancet4 na al'ada da Menghini5.Hakanan ana ba da shawarar gangara axisymmetric (watau kewaye) don ƙara yuwuwar isassun samfuran tarihi.
A lokacin binciken kwayar halitta, ana ratsa allura ta yadudduka na fata da nama don samun dama ga raunukan da ake tuhuma.Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa duban dan tayi na iya rage karfin shigar da ake buƙata don samun dama ga kyawu masu laushi7,8,9,10.An nuna geometry bevel na allura yana shafar ƙarfin hulɗar allura, alal misali, an nuna dogon bevels suna da ƙananan ƙarfin shigar nama11.Bayan allurar ta shiga saman nama, watau bayan huda, ƙarfin yanke allurar na iya zama kashi 75% na ƙarfin hulɗar allurar tare da nama12.An nuna cewa a cikin lokacin bayan huda, duban dan tayi (ultrasound) yana ƙaruwa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta mai laushi.An ɓullo da wasu fasahohin haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na duban dan tayi don ɗaukar samfuran nama mai ƙarfi, amma ba a sami wani sakamakon da ya inganta yawan ƙwayar ƙwayoyin cuta ba.Yawancin karatu sun kuma tabbatar da cewa ƙaura na inji yana ƙaruwa lokacin da aka yi wa ultrasonic stress16,17,18.Duk da yake akwai karatu da yawa a kan axial (tsawon tsayi) rundunonin tsaye a cikin hulɗar nama-nama19,20, akwai iyakataccen karatu kan yanayin yanayin lokaci da lissafi na bevel ɗin allura a ƙarƙashin ultrasonic FNAB (USeFNAB).
Manufar wannan binciken shine don bincika tasirin geometries daban-daban na bevel akan motsin tip ɗin allura a cikin allurar da ultrasonic lankwasawa.Musamman, mun bincika tasirin tsaka-tsakin allura akan karkatar da titin allura bayan huda ga alluran allura na gargajiya (watau USeFNAB allura don dalilai daban-daban kamar su zaɓi na zaɓi ko siyan nama mai laushi.
An haɗa nau'ikan geometries daban-daban a cikin wannan binciken.(a) Bayanin Lancet ya dace da ISO 7864: 201636 inda \(\ alpha \) shine bevel na farko, \ (\theta \) shine kusurwar juyawa na bevel na sakandare, kuma \ (\ phi \) shine bevel na biyu. kwana., lokacin juyawa, a cikin digiri ((^\circ\)).(b) Linear asymmetrical single step chamfers (wanda ake kira "misali" a cikin DIN 13097: 201937) da (c) Linear axisymmetric (circumferential) matakai guda ɗaya.
Hanyarmu ta fara ne ta hanyar ƙirƙira canjin tsayin raƙuman lanƙwasa tare da bevel don lancet na al'ada, axisymmetric, da asymmetric geometries bevel bevel geometries.Sa'an nan kuma muka ƙididdige nazarin ma'auni don bincika tasirin gangaren bututu da tsayi a kan injin injin canja wuri.Wannan yana da mahimmanci don ƙayyade mafi kyawun tsayi don yin samfurin samfurin.Dangane da simintin, an yi samfuran allura kuma halayen halayen su na gwaji an kwatanta su ta hanyar auna ma'aunin tasirin wutar lantarki da ƙididdige ƙimar wutar lantarki a cikin iska, ruwa da 10% (w / v) gelatin ballistic, daga abin da aka ƙayyade mitar aiki. .A ƙarshe, ana amfani da hoto mai sauri don auna karkatar da igiyoyin lanƙwasa kai tsaye a ƙarshen allura a cikin iska da ruwa, da kuma ƙididdige ikon wutar lantarki da aka bayar a kowane kusurwar da ba ta dace ba da kuma lissafi na ma'aunin ƙarfin karkacewa ( DPR) zuwa matsakaicin allura..
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2a, yi amfani da bututun ma'auni na 21 (0.80 mm OD, ID na 0.49 mm, kauri bangon bututu 0.155 mm, bango daidaitaccen) don ayyana bututun allura tare da tsayin bututu (TL) da kusurwar bevel (BL) daidai da ISO 9626:201621) a cikin 316 bakin karfe (Matsalar Matasa 205 \(\ rubutu {GN/m}^{2}\), yawan 8070 kg/m \(^{3}\) da Poisson's ratio 0.275).
Ƙayyade tsayin lanƙwasa da daidaita ƙirar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa (FEM) don allura da yanayin iyaka.(a) Ƙayyade tsayin bevel (BL) da tsayin bututu (TL).(b) Samfurin ƙayyadaddun abubuwa masu girma uku (3D) (FEM) ta amfani da madaidaicin ma'aunin ƙarfi \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\) don fitar da allura kusa da, karkata wurin, da auna gudu a wurin. tip (\ ( \tilde {u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) don ƙididdige canja wurin ruwa na inji.\(\lambda _y \) an ayyana shi azaman tsayin igiyar lanƙwasawa dangane da ƙarfin tsaye \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Ma'anar tsakiyar nauyi, yankin giciye A, da lokutan inertia \(I_{xx}\) da \(I_{yy}\) kewaye da gatari x da y, bi da bi.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.2b,c, don katako mara iyaka (marasa iyaka) tare da yanki-giciye A kuma a tsayin raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman katako fiye da girman ɓangaren ɓangaren katako, lanƙwasa (ko lanƙwasa) saurin lokaci \(c_{EI}\) an ƙaddara ta 22 :
inda E shine modules na Matasa (\(\ rubutu {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0 \) shine mitar angular excitation (rad/s), inda \( f_0) \ ) shine mitar layi (1/s ko Hz), Ni shine lokacin rashin aiki na wurin da ke kusa da axis na sha'awa\((\rubutu {m}^{4})\), \(m'=\) rho _0 A \ ) shine ma'auni akan tsayin raka'a (kg/m), inda \(\rho _0 \) shine yawa\((\rubutu {kg/m}^{3})\) kuma A shine giciye. sashin yanki na katako (xy jirgin sama) (\(\ rubutu {m}^{2}\)).Tun da ƙarfin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin misalinmu yana daidai da y-axis na tsaye, watau \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), muna sha'awar kawai lokacin yanki na inertia a kusa da axis x a kwance, watau \(I_{xx}\), haka:
Don ƙirar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa (FEM), ana ɗaukan ƙaura mai jituwa (m) tsantsa, don haka haɓakar (\(\rubutu {m/s} ^ {2} \)) an bayyana shi azaman \ (\ partial ^2 \ vec {u}/ \ partial t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\) as \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t): = u_x\vec {i} + u_y\ vec {j } + u_z\vec {k} \) wani nau'i ne na ƙaura mai girma uku da aka bayar a cikin daidaitawar sararin samaniya.Maimakon na karshen, daidai da aiwatar da shi a cikin kunshin software na COMSOL Multiphysics (versions 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, Amurka), an ba da ƙaƙƙarfan nakasar Lagrangian na ka'idar ma'auni kamar haka:
inda \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\ partial}}{ \ partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \ partial }{\ partial z}\vec {k}\) shine ma'aikacin rarrabuwar kawuna, \({\underline{\sigma}}\) shine na biyun Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor (tsari na biyu, \(\ rubutu { N/ m}^{2}\)) da \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec {k} \) shine ma'aunin karfin jiki (\(\rubutu {N/m}^{3}\)) ga kowane juzu'in nakasassu, kuma \(e^{j\phi }\) shine madaidaicin kusurwar vector\(\ phi) \) (na gode).A cikin yanayinmu, ƙarfin ƙarar jiki ba shi da sifili, ƙirarmu tana ɗaukar layin geometric da ƙaramin nakasar roba zalla, watau, inda \({\underline{\varepsilon}} ^ {el} \) da \({\underline) {\varepsilon}}\) nau'i ne na roba da jimlar iri (tsari na biyu, mara nauyi), bi da bi.An ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden isotropic elasticity tensor na Hooke (\underline{\underline{C}}\) ta amfani da modules na Young's E (\(\rubu {N/m}^{2}\)) da Poisson's rabo v an ƙaddara, don haka watau. \(\underline{\underline{C}}:=\underline{\underline{C}}(E,v)\) (tsari na huɗu).Don haka lissafin damuwa ya zama \({\underline{\sigma}} := \underline{\underline{C}}:{\underline{\varepsilon}}\).
Lissafin yana amfani da nau'in tetrahedral mai kumburi 10 tare da girman kashi \(\ le \) na 8 µm.An ƙirƙira allurar a cikin sarari, kuma ƙimar motsin injin da aka canjawa wuri (ms-1 N-1) an bayyana shi azaman \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec { j) {F}_y\ vec {j }\) wani hadadden ƙarfin tuƙi ne dake kusa da ƙarshen bututu, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 2b.Fassara yawan ruwa na inji a cikin decibels (dB) ta amfani da matsakaicin ƙima azaman tunani, watau \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}|) \ ) .An gudanar da duk karatun FEM a mitar 29.75 kHz.
Tsarin allura (Fig. 3) ya ƙunshi allurar hypodermic 21 na al'ada (Cat. No. 4665643, Sterican \ (^\circledR \), diamita na waje 0.8 mm, tsawon 120 mm, AISI 304 bakin chromium-nickel karfe , B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Jamus) sanye take da filastik Luer Lock hannun riga da aka yi da polypropylene a ƙarshen kusanci kuma an daidaita shi da kyau a ƙarshen.Ana sayar da bututun allura zuwa jagorar wave kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 3b.An buga waveguides akan firinta na bakin karfe 3D (EOS 316L bakin karfe akan firintar EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) sannan kuma an haɗa shi da firikwensin Langevin ta amfani da bolts M4.Firikwensin Langevin ya ƙunshi abubuwan zoben piezoelectric guda 8 waɗanda aka ɗora su a ƙarshen duka tare da taro biyu.
Nau'ikan tukwici guda huɗu (hoto), lancet na kasuwanci (L) na kasuwanci da ƙera bevels guda uku na axisymmetric (AX1-3) an kwatanta su da tsayin bevel (BL) na 4, 1.2 da 0.5 mm, bi da bi.(a) Kusa da titin allura da aka gama.(b) Babban ra'ayi na fil huɗu da aka siyar da su zuwa 3D bugu na waveguide sannan an haɗa su da firikwensin Langevin tare da kusoshi M4.
An ƙera tukwici uku axisymmetric bevel (Fig. 3) (TAs Machine Tools Oy) tare da tsayin bevel (BL, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin siffa 2a) na 4.0, 1.2 da 0.5 mm, daidai da \ (\ kusan) 2 \ (^ \) circ\), 7(^\circ\) da 18(^\circ\) bi da bi.Girman waveguide da allura shine 3.4 ± 0.017 g (ma'ana ± sd, n = 4) don bevels L da AX1-3, bi da bi (Quintix \ (^\circledR \) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Jamus) .Don L da AX1-3 bevels a cikin Hoto 3b, jimlar tsawon daga tip na allura zuwa ƙarshen hannun rigar filastik shine 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, da 13.3 cm, bi da bi.
Don duk saitunan allura, tsayin daga tip ɗin allura zuwa titin jagorar waveguide (watau zuwa yankin walda) ya kasance 4.3 cm, kuma bututun allura ya daidaita tare da yanke sama (watau a layi daya da axis Y). , kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi.c (Hoto 2).
Rubutun al'ada a cikin MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, Amurka) da ke gudana akan kwamfuta (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, Amurka) an yi amfani da shi don samar da sharewar sinusoidal na linzamin kwamfuta daga 25 zuwa 35 kHz na daƙiƙa 7, wucewa Mai canza dijital-zuwa-analog (DA) (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, Amurka) yana jujjuya siginar analog.Ana ƙara siginar analog \ (V_0 \) (0.5 Vp-p) tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mitar rediyo (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).Faɗuwar ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi \ ({V_I} \) daga amplifier RF tare da abin fitarwa na 50 ohms ana ciyar da shi zuwa na'ura mai canzawa da aka gina a cikin tsarin allura tare da impedance na shigarwa na 50 ohms.Langevin transducers (na gaba da na baya masu ɗaukar nauyi multilayer piezoelectric transducers) ana amfani da su don samar da raƙuman inji.Amplifier na RF na al'ada an sanye shi da mitar wutar lantarki mai tsayayyen tashar tashoshi biyu (SWR) wanda ke yin rikodin abin da ya faru \({V_I}\) da kuma nuna ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki\(V_R \) a cikin yanayin analog-to-dijital (AD).tare da ƙimar samfurin 300 kHz Converter (Ganowar analog 2).Ana daidaita siginar tashin hankali a farkon kuma a ƙarshe don hana yin lodin shigar da ƙararrawa tare da masu wucewa.
Yin amfani da rubutun al'ada da aka aiwatar a cikin MATLAB, aikin amsa mitar (FRF), watau \ (\tilde {H} (f) \), an kiyasta ta layi ta amfani da hanyar ma'aunin sinusoidal tashoshi biyu (Fig. 4), wanda ke ɗauka. linearity a cikin lokaci.m tsarin.Bugu da kari, ana amfani da matatar wucewa na band 20 zuwa 40 kHz don cire kowane mitoci maras so daga siginar.Dangane da ka'idar watsa labarai, a wannan yanayin \(\tilde{H}(f)\) yayi daidai da ma'aunin wutar lantarki, watau \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I}\ ) \) yana raguwa zuwa \({V_R}^ 2 /{V_I}^2\) daidai \(|\rho _{V}|^2\).A cikin yanayin da ake buƙatar cikakkiyar ƙimar wutar lantarki, ana ƙididdige ikon abin da ya faru \ (P_I \) da ikon nuna ƙarfi \ (P_R \) (W) ta ɗaukar ƙimar rms (rms) na ƙarfin lantarki mai dacewa, misali.don layin watsawa tare da tashin hankali na sinusoidal \ ( P = {V} ^ 2 / (2Z_0) \) 26, inda \ (Z_0 \) yayi daidai da 50 \ (\Omega \).Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarfin wutar lantarki da aka ba wa lodin \ (P_T) (watau matsakaicin da aka saka) azaman \ (| P_I – P_R | \) (W RMS), da kuma ingancin canja wurin wutar lantarki (PTE) da kaso ((P_I – P_R |\) %) ana iya tantance yadda aka ba da siffa, don haka 27:
Acicular modal mitoci \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) da madaidaitan abubuwan canja wurin wutar lantarki (\rubutu {PTE}_{1{-}3} \) ana ƙididdige su ta amfani da FRF.FWHM (\(\rubu {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) an kiyasta kai tsaye daga \(\rubutu {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), daga Tebur 1 A gefe daya Ana samun bakan layin layi a mitar da aka siffanta \(f_{1-3}\).
Auna amsawar mitar (AFC) na tsarin allura.Ana amfani da ma'aunin share tashoshi biyu na sinusoidal25,38 don samun aikin amsa mitar \(\tilde{H}(f)\({\mathcal {F}}\) da \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) suna wakiltar juzu'in juzu'i na juzu'i da jujjuyawar sa, bi da bi.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) yana nufin samfur na sigina biyu a cikin mitar yanki, misali \(\tilde{G}_{XrX} (f) \ ) da sauke ƙarfin lantarki \(\tilde{X}(f)\) bi da bi.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 5, kyamarar kyamara mai sauri (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., NJ, Amurka) an sanye shi da macro ruwan tabarau (MP-E 65mm, \ (f \) / 2.8, 1-5 \).(\times), Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan), don yin rikodin juzu'i na juzu'i yayin lanƙwasawa (mita-ɗaya, ci gaba da sinusoid) a mitoci na 27.5-30 kHz.Don ƙirƙirar taswirar inuwa, an sanya wani abin sanyaya na babban ƙarfin farin LED (lambar sashi: 4052899910881, farin LED, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Jamus) a bayan ƙarshen allura.
Duban gaba na saitin gwaji.Ana auna zurfin daga saman matsakaici.An matse tsarin allura kuma an ɗora shi akan tebirin canja wuri mai motsi.Yi amfani da babban kyamara mai sauri tare da babban ruwan tabarau na ƙara girma (5\(\x\)) don auna karkacewar kusurwar da ba ta dace ba.Duk girman suna cikin millimeters.
Ga kowane nau'in bevel ɗin allura, mun yi rikodin firam 300 na kyamara mai sauri mai auna 128 \ (\ x \) 128 pixels, kowanne tare da ƙudurin sarari na 1/180 mm (\(\kisan) 5 µm), tare da ƙudurin ɗan lokaci na firam 310,000 a sakan daya.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 6, kowane firam (1) an yanke shi (2) kamar yadda ƙarshen allurar yana cikin layi na ƙarshe (ƙasa) na firam, kuma ana ƙididdige tarihin hoton (3), don haka Canny Za'a iya ƙayyade matakan 1 da 2.Sannan a yi amfani da ganowar Canny Edge 28(4) tare da mai aiki na Sobel 3 \(\times\) 3 sannan a lissafta matsayi na pixels marasa hypotenuse (labeled \(\mathbf {\times}\)) ba tare da cavitation sau 300 ba.Don tantance kewayon juzu'i na tip, ƙididdige abin da aka samo asali (ta amfani da algorithm na tsakiya) (6) kuma ƙayyade firam (7) wanda ke ƙunshe da iyakar gida (watau kololuwa) na karkacewa.Bayan duba na gani na gefen da ba shi da cavitation, an zaɓi firam biyu (ko firam guda biyu tare da tazarar rabin lokaci) (7) kuma an auna karkatar da tip (an nuna alama a matsayin \(\mathbf {\ times }) \) ).Ana aiwatar da abin da ke sama a Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) ta amfani da OpenCV Canny Edge gano algorithm (v4.5.1, buɗe ɗakin karatu na hangen nesa na kwamfuta, opencv.org).A ƙarshe, ana ƙididdige ma'aunin wutar lantarki (DPR, µm/W) azaman rabon jujjuyawar kololuwa zuwa kololuwa zuwa wutar lantarki da ake watsawa \(P_T \) (Wrms).
Yin amfani da algorithm mai mataki 7 (1-7), gami da girbi (1-2), Gane gefen Canny (3-4), lissafi, auna matsayin pixel na gefen karkata tip ta amfani da jerin firam ɗin da aka ɗauka daga babban- Kamara mai sauri a 310 kHz (5) da lokacinta (6), kuma, a ƙarshe, ana auna kewayon juzu'i a kan firam ɗin da aka duba na gani (7).
An auna a cikin iska (22.4-22.9 ° C), ruwa mai lalacewa (20.8-21.5 ° C) da 10% (w/v) gelatin ballistic mai ruwa (19.7-23.0 ° C , \ (\ rubutu {Honeywell} ^{ \ rubutu { TM}}\) \(\ rubutu {Fluka}^{\rubutu {TM}}) Bovine and Pork Bone Gelatin for Type I Ballistic Analysis, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).An auna zafin jiki tare da amplifier na nau'in K-nau'in thermocouple (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, Amurka) da nau'in thermocouple na K (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Yi amfani da matakin Z-axis mai motsi a tsaye (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) don auna zurfin daga saman kafofin watsa labarai (wanda aka saita azaman asalin axis Z) tare da ƙuduri na 5 µm kowane mataki.
Tun da girman samfurin ya kasance ƙananan (n = 5) kuma ba za a iya ɗauka na al'ada ba, an yi amfani da gwajin jimlar Wilcoxon mai nau'i biyu mai wutsiya (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project.org) don kwatanta adadin bambance-bambancen tip allura don bevels daban-daban.An yi kwatancen guda uku don kowane gangare, don haka an yi amfani da gyaran Bonferroni tare da ingantaccen matakin 0.017 da kuskuren kuskure na 5%.
An yi nuni zuwa hoto na 7 a ƙasa.A 29.75 kHz, lanƙwasa rabin zango (\ (\lambda _y/2 \)) na allura mai ma'auni 21 shine \(\kimanin) 8 mm.Tsayin lanƙwasawa yana raguwa tare da gangaren yayin da yake gabatowa.A tip \ (\lambda _y/2 \) akwai maɗaukakin bevels na 3, 1 da 7 mm, bi da bi, don talakawa lancets (a), asymmetric (b) da axisymmetric (c).Don haka, wannan yana nufin cewa lancet zai bambanta da \ (\ game da \) 5 mm (saboda gaskiyar cewa jirage biyu na lancet sun zama maki 29.30), gangaren asymmetrical zai bambanta da 7 mm, kuma gangaren simmetrical. da 1 mm.Axisymmetric gangara (tsakiyar nauyi ya kasance iri ɗaya, don haka kawai kauri na bango yana canzawa tare da gangara).
Aikace-aikacen binciken FEM a 29.75 kHz da ma'auni.(1) Ƙididdige canjin rabin igiyar igiyar ruwa (\(\lambda _y/2 \)) don lancet (a), asymmetric (b) da axisymmetric (c) geometry na madaidaici (kamar yadda yake cikin siffa 1a,b,c).).Matsakaicin matsakaicin \ (\lambda_y/2 \) na lancet, asymmetric, da axisymmetric gangara shine 5.65, 5.17, da 7.52 mm, bi da bi.Lura cewa kaurin tip don asymmetric da axisymmetric bevels yana iyakance ga \(\kimanin) 50 µm.
Kololuwar motsi \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) haɗe ne na mafi kyawun tsayin bututu (TL) da tsayin karkata (BL) (Hoto 8, 9).Don lancet na al'ada, tun da girmansa ya daidaita, TL mafi kyau shine \ (\ kimanin \) 29.1 mm (Fig. 8).Don gangaren asymmetric da axisymmetric (Fig. 9a, b, bi da bi), binciken FEM ya haɗa da BL daga 1 zuwa 7 mm, don haka mafi kyawun jeri na TL sun kasance daga 26.9 zuwa 28.7 mm (kewayon 1.8 mm) kuma daga 27.9 zuwa 29.2 mm (kewayon) 1.3 mm).)), bi da bi.Don gangaren asymmetric (Fig. 9a), mafi kyawun TL ya karu a layi, ya kai tudu a BL 4 mm, sannan ya ragu sosai daga BL 5 zuwa 7 mm.Don gangaren axisymmetric (Fig. 9b), mafi kyawun TL yana ƙaruwa da layi tare da BL elongation kuma a ƙarshe ya daidaita a BL daga 6 zuwa 7 mm.Wani binciken da aka yi a kan gangaren axisymmetric (Fig. 9c) ya nuna nau'i daban-daban na TL mafi kyau wanda yake a \ (\ kimanin) 35.1-37.1 mm.Ga duk BLs, nisa tsakanin saiti biyu na mafi kyawun TL shine \(\kimanin\) 8 mm (daidai da \(\lambda _y/2 \)).
Motsi na watsa Lancet a 29.75 kHz.An jujjuya bututun allura a mitar 29.75 kHz, an auna girgiza a ƙarshen kuma an bayyana shi azaman adadin motsi na inji (dB dangane da matsakaicin ƙimar) don TL 26.5-29.5 mm (mataki 0.1 mm).
Nazarin Parametric na FEM a mita na 29.75 kHz ya nuna cewa canja wurin motsi na tip axisymmetric ba shi da tasiri ta hanyar canje-canje a tsawon bututu fiye da takwaransa na asymmetric.Tsawon Bevel (BL) da tsayin bututu (TL) nazarin asymmetric (a) da axisymmetric (b, c) geometries bevel a cikin binciken yanki na mitar ta amfani da FEM (an nuna yanayin iyaka a cikin Hoto 2).(a, b) TL ya kasance daga 26.5 zuwa 29.5 mm (mataki 0.1 mm) da BL 1-7 mm (mataki 0.5 mm).(c) Extended axisymmetric oblique angle binciken ciki har da TL 25-40mm (0.05mm mataki) da 0.1-7mm (0.1mm mataki) wanda ya bayyana da ake so rabo \ (\ lambda_y / 2 \) Sako da motsi iyaka yanayi ga wani tip sun gamsu.
Tsarin allura yana da mitoci na halitta guda uku \(f_{1-3}\) zuwa ƙasa ƙasa, matsakaita da manyan yankuna kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebu 1. Ana nuna girman PTE a hoto na 10 sannan an bincika a hoto na 11. A ƙasa akwai Sakamako ga kowane yanki na modal:
Haɓaka ingantaccen ƙarfin canja wurin wutar lantarki na yau da kullun (PTE) da aka samu ta amfani da tashin hankali na sinusoidal tare da mitar sharewa a zurfin 20 mm don lancet (L) da gangaren axisymmetric AX1-3 a cikin iska, ruwa da gelatin.Ana nuna bakan mai gefe ɗaya.Amsar mitar da aka auna (yawan samfurin samfurin 300 kHz) an tace ƙarancin wucewa sannan kuma an ƙirƙira ta da juzu'i na 200 don nazarin yanayin.Matsakaicin siginar-zuwa amo shine \(\le \) 45 dB.Ana nuna lokaci na PTE (layi mai dige-dige mai shuɗi) a cikin digiri ((^{\circ}\)).
Ana nuna ƙididdigar amsawar modal a cikin Hoto 10 (ma'anar ± daidaitaccen daidaituwa, n = 5) don gangaren L da AX1-3 a cikin iska, ruwa, da 10% gelatin (zurfin 20 mm) tare da (saman) yankuna uku (ƙananan) , matsakaici, babba).), da kuma mitoci masu dacewa da su \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz), (matsakaici) ingantaccen makamashi\(\rubutu {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) yana amfani da ma'aunin ƙira.(4) da (kasa) sune cikakkun faɗin rabin matsakaicin ƙimar ƙima \(\rubutu {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), bi da bi.Lura cewa lokacin yin rikodin ƙaramin PTE, watau a yanayin gangaren AX2, an cire ma'aunin bandwidth, \(\rubutu {FWHM}_{1}\).Ana ɗaukar yanayin \(f_2 \) a matsayin mafi dacewa don kwatanta jujjuyawar jiragen sama, saboda yana nuna mafi girman matakin ingancin isar da wutar lantarki (\(\ rubutu {PTE}_{2}\)), har zuwa 99% .
Yankin modal na farko: \(f_1 \) baya dogara da yawa akan nau'in watsa labarai da aka saka, amma ya dogara da gemfurin bevel.\(f_1 \) yana raguwa tare da rage tsayin bevel (27.1, 26.2 da 25.9 kHz don AX1-3, bi da bi, a cikin iska).Matsakaicin yanki \(\rubu {PTE}_{1}\) da \(\rubutu {FWHM}_{1}\) sune \(\kimanin\) 81% da 230 Hz bi da bi.\(rubutu {FWHM}_{1}\) shine mafi girma a cikin gelatin daga Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Lura cewa \(\rubu {FWHM}_{1}\) na AX2 a cikin gelatin ba za a iya ƙididdige shi ba saboda ƙarancin girman martanin da aka ruwaito.
Yankin modal na biyu: \(f_2 \) ya dogara da nau'in manna da kafofin watsa labarai na bevel.A cikin iska, ruwa da gelatin, matsakaicin ƙimar \ (f_2 \) sune 29.1, 27.9 da 28.5 kHz, bi da bi.PTE na wannan yanki na modal kuma ya kai 99%, mafi girma a cikin duk ƙungiyoyin aunawa, tare da matsakaicin yanki na 84%.Matsakaicin yanki \(\rubu {FWHM}_{2}\) shine \(\kimanin\) 910 Hz.
Yanki na uku: \(f_3 \) Mitar ta dogara da nau'in matsakaicin sakawa da bevel.Matsakaicin ƙimar \(f_3 \) sune 32.0, 31.0 da 31.3 kHz a cikin iska, ruwa da gelatin, bi da bi.\(\rubutu {PTE}_{3}\) yana da matsakaicin yanki na \(\kimanin\) 74%, mafi ƙanƙanta na kowane yanki.Matsakaicin yanki \(\rubu {FWHM}_{3}\) shine \(\kimanin\) 1085 Hz, wanda ya fi na farko da na biyu girma.
Mai zuwa yana nufin siffa.12 da Table 2. Lancet (L) ya juya mafi girma (tare da mahimmanci ga duk shawarwari, \ (p <\) 0.017) a cikin iska da ruwa (Fig. 12a), cimma mafi girma DPR (har zuwa 220 µm /). W a cikin iska). 12 da Table 2. Lancet (L) ya juya mafi girma (tare da mahimmanci ga duk shawarwari, \ (p <\) 0.017) a cikin iska da ruwa (Fig. 12a), cimma mafi girma DPR (har zuwa 220 µm /). W a cikin iska). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 и таблице 2. Ланцет (L) откльше всего ов. . Abubuwan da ke biyo baya sun shafi Hoto 12 da Table 2. Lancet (L) ya ƙaddamar da mafi yawan (tare da mahimmanci ga duk tukwici, \ (p <\) 0.017) a cikin iska da ruwa (Fig. 12a), cimma mafi girma DPR.(har zuwa 220 μm / W a cikin iska).An yi nuni ga Hoto na 12 da Tebura 2 na ƙasa.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中（图12a）中偏转最大（对所有尖端具有高度意义 高度意，）<0>1 PR （空气中高达220 µm/W）柳叶刀(L) yana da mafi girman juyawa a cikin iska da ruwa (图12a) W a cikin iska). Ланцет (L) имеет наибольшее отклонение (весьма значимое для всех наконечников, (p <\) 0,017) в визивахе . самого высокого DPR (до 220 мкм/Вт в воздухе). Lancet (L) yana da mafi girman karkata (mafi mahimmanci ga duk tukwici, \ (p <\) 0.017) a cikin iska da ruwa (Fig. 12a), ya kai mafi girma DPR (har zuwa 220 µm / W a cikin iska). A cikin iska, AX1 wanda ke da BL mafi girma, ya karkata sama da AX2-3 (tare da mahimmanci, \ (p <\) 0.017), yayin da AX3 (wanda ke da BL mafi ƙanƙanta) ya karkata fiye da AX2 tare da DPR na 190 µm/W. A cikin iska, AX1 wanda ke da BL mafi girma, ya karkata sama da AX2-3 (tare da mahimmanci, \ (p <\) 0.017), yayin da AX3 (wanda ke da BL mafi ƙanƙanta) ya karkata fiye da AX2 tare da DPR na 190 µm/W. в в воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p <\) 0,017), тогда как 3 лся больше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. A cikin iska, AX1 tare da BL mafi girma ya karkata sama da AX2 – 3 (tare da mahimmanci \ (p <\) 0.017), yayin da AX3 (tare da mafi ƙarancin BL) ya karkata fiye da AX2 tare da DPR 190 µm/W.在空气中，具有较高BL 的AX1 偏转高于AX2-3（具有显着性，(p<\) 190µm/W. A cikin iska, jujjuyawar AX1 tare da BL mafi girma ya fi na AX2-3 (mahimmanci, \ (p <\) 0.017), kuma jujjuyawar AX3 (tare da mafi ƙarancin BL) ya fi na AX2, DPR shine 190. µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL имеет большее отклонение, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \ (p<\) 0,017), тогда большее отклонение, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. A cikin iska, AX1 tare da BL mafi girma yana da mafi girman karkata fiye da AX2-3 (mahimmanci, \ (p <\) 0.017), yayin da AX3 (tare da mafi ƙarancin BL) yana da mafi girman karkata fiye da AX2 tare da DPR na 190 μm/W. A cikin ruwa a 20 mm, babu wani bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci (\ (p>\) 0.017) da aka samo a cikin juyawa da PTE don AX1-3. A cikin ruwa a 20 mm, babu wani bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci (\ (p>\) 0.017) da aka samo a cikin juyawa da PTE don AX1-3. В воде на глубине 20 мм достоверных различий (\(p>\) 0,017) по прогибу и ФТР для AX1-3 не обнаружено. A cikin ruwa a zurfin 20 mm, bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci (\ (p>\) 0.017) a cikin juyawa da FTR an gano su don AX1-3.在20 mm 的水中，AX1-3 的挠度和PTE 没有显着差异(\(p>\) 0.017). A cikin 20 mm na ruwa, babu wani gagarumin bambanci tsakanin AX1-3 da PTE (\ (p>\) 0.017). На глубине 20 мм прогиб da PTE AX1-3 существенно не отличались (\(p>\) 0,017). A zurfin 20 mm karkatarwa da PTE AX1-3 ba su bambanta sosai ba (\ (p>\) 0.017).Matakan PTE a cikin ruwa (90.2-98.4%) sun kasance mafi girma fiye da iska (56-77.5%) (Fig. 12c), kuma an lura da abin da ya faru na cavitation a lokacin gwaji a cikin ruwa (Fig. 13, duba kuma ƙarin). bayani).
Tukwici na lankwasawa ma'aunin girman (ma'anar ± daidaitaccen karkatacce, n = 5) don L da AX1-3 chamfers a cikin iska da ruwa (zurfin 20 mm) ya bayyana tasirin canza juzu'i na chamfer.Ana samun ma'auni ta amfani da ci gaba da motsawar sinusoidal mitar guda ɗaya.(a) Kololuwar karkata (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) a tsaye, aunawa a (b) mitocin modal nasu \(f_2\).(c) Ingantaccen watsa wutar lantarki (PTE, rms,%) a matsayin lissafi.(4) da (d) Ƙarƙashin wutar lantarki (DPR, µm/W) da aka ƙididdige su azaman babban juzu'i da watsa ikon \ (P_T \) (Wrms).
Siffar inuwar kyamarar kyamara mai sauri tana nuna jimillar karkatar tip ɗin lancet (koren kore da jajayen layukan dige-dige) na lancet (L) da tip axisymmetric (AX1-3) cikin ruwa (zurfin 20mm), rabin sake zagayowar, mitar tuƙi. (f_2 \) (samfurin mitar 310 kHz).Hoton launin toka da aka ɗauka yana da girma na 128 × 128 pixels tare da girman pixel \(\kimanin) 5 µm.Ana iya samun bidiyo a ƙarin bayani.
Don haka, mun tsara canjin canjin lanƙwasa (Fig. 7) kuma mun ƙididdige motsi na inji don canja wuri don lanceolate na al'ada, asymmetric, da axial haɗuwa na tsayin tube da bevel (Fig. 8, 9).Simmetrical beveled geometry.Dangane da ƙarshen, mun ƙiyasta mafi kyawun nisan tip-to-weld zai zama 43 mm (ko \(\kimanin\) 2.75\(\lambda_y \) a 29.75 kHz) kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 5, kuma mun ƙirƙira bevels axisymmetric guda uku tare da tsayin bevel daban-daban.Daga nan mun siffanta martanin mitar su idan aka kwatanta da lancets na al'ada a cikin iska, ruwa, da 10% (w/v) gelatin ballistic (Figures 10, 11) kuma mun ƙaddara mafi kyawun shari'ar don kwatanta yanayin karkatar da karkacewa.A ƙarshe, mun auna jujjuyawar tip ta hanyar lanƙwasa igiyar ruwa a cikin iska da ruwa a zurfin 20 mm kuma mun ƙididdige ingancin canja wurin wutar lantarki (PTE,%) da ma'aunin wutar lantarki (DPR, µm/W) na matsakaicin allura don kowane karkata.nau'in (Fig. 12).
Sakamako ya nuna cewa karkatar da ma'aunin lissafi yana shafar juzu'in juzu'i na tip axis.Lancet yana da mafi girman curvature da kuma mafi girma DPR idan aka kwatanta da axisymmetric bevel, yayin da axisymmetric bevel yana da ƙaramin ma'ana (Fig. 12). Axi-symmetric 4 mm bevel (AX1) yana da tsayin bevel mafi tsayi, an cimma mahimmiyar juzu'i mafi girma a cikin iska (\ (p <0.017\), Tebu 2), idan aka kwatanta da sauran alluran axi-simmetric (AX2-3), amma ba a sami bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci ba, lokacin da aka sanya allura a cikin ruwa. Axi-symmetric 4 mm bevel (AX1) yana da tsayin bevel mafi tsayi, an cimma mahimmiyar juzu'i mafi girma a cikin iska (\ (p <0.017\), Tebu 2), idan aka kwatanta da sauran alluran axi-simmetric (AX2-3), amma ba a sami bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci ba, lokacin da aka sanya allura a cikin ruwa. Осесимметричный скос 4 мм (AX1), имеющий наибольшую длину скоса (\(p <0,017\), таблица 2) по сравнению с другими осесимметричными иглами (AX2-3). Axisymmetric bevel 4 mm (AX1), yana da tsayin tsayin bevel mafi tsayi, ya sami babban juzu'i mai girma a cikin iska (\ (p <0.017\), Table 2) idan aka kwatanta da sauran alluran axisymmetric (AX2-3).amma ba a lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci lokacin sanya allura a cikin ruwa ba.与其他轴对称针(AX2-3) 相比，具有最长斜角长度的轴对称4 mm 斜角(AX1)偏转(\(p <0.017\)),表2)，但当将针头放入水中时，没有观察到显着差异。 Idan aka kwatanta da sauran allura masu axially axially (AX2-3), yana da mafi tsayin kwana na 4 mm axially symmetrical (AX1) a cikin iska, kuma ya sami matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙididdiga (p <0.017 \), Table 2) , amma lokacin da aka sanya allura a cikin ruwa, ba a sami babban bambanci ba. Осесимметричный скос 4 мм (AX1) с наибольшей длиной по сравнению с другими осесимметричными иглами (AX2-3) (\(p <0,017 \), таблица 2), но существенной разний. Gangar axisymmetric tare da tsayin gangara mafi tsayi na 4 mm (AX1) ya ba da ƙimar ƙididdiga mafi girma a cikin iska idan aka kwatanta da sauran gangaren axisymmetric (AX2-3) (\ (p <0.017 \), Table 2), amma babu babu. gagarumin bambanci.ana lura dashi lokacin da aka sanya allura a cikin ruwa.Don haka, tsayin tsayin daka ba shi da fa'ida a bayyane ta fuskar karkata tip.Idan aka yi la’akari da wannan, sai ya zamana cewa gemfurin gangaren gangaren, wanda aka bincika a cikin wannan binciken, yana da tasiri mai girma akan jujjuyawar girma fiye da tsayin gangara.Wannan yana iya kasancewa da alaƙa da taurin kai, alal misali, ya danganta da kayan da ake lanƙwasa da ƙaƙƙarfan kauri na allurar gini.
A cikin gwaje-gwaje na gwaji, girman girman raƙuman motsin da aka nuna yana shafar yanayin iyaka na tip.Lokacin da aka saka tip ɗin allura a cikin ruwa da gelatin, \(rubutu {PTE}_{2}\) matsakaicin matsakaicin \(\kimanin\) 95% da \(\rubutu {PTE}_{2}\) sun daidaita ƙimar. sune 73% da 77% (\rubutu {PTE}_{1}\) da \(\rubutu {PTE}_{3}\), bi da bi (Hoto 11).Wannan yana nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin canja wurin kuzarin sauti zuwa matsakaicin simintin gyare-gyare (misali, ruwa ko gelatin) yana faruwa a \(f_2\).An lura da irin wannan ɗabi'a a cikin binciken da ya gabata ta amfani da tsarin na'ura mafi sauƙi a mitoci na 41-43 kHz, inda marubutan suka nuna ma'aunin nunin wutar lantarki mai alaƙa da injin inji na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin.Zurfin shiga32 da kayan aikin injin ɗin nama suna ba da nauyin injin akan allura kuma ana tsammanin za su yi tasiri ga halayyar UZeFNAB.Don haka, ana iya amfani da algorithms bin diddigin resonance kamar 17, 18, 33 don inganta ƙarfin sautin da aka bayar ta hanyar salo.
Lanƙwasa ƙirar ƙira (Fig. 7) yana nuna cewa axisymmetric yana da ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin (watau mafi girma taurin kai) a saman lancet da bevel asymmetric.An samo shi daga (1) da kuma amfani da sanannen alaƙar saurin-mita, muna ƙididdige ƙanƙarar lanƙwasa lancet, asymmetric da axisymmetric tips a matsayin gangara \(\kimanin) 200, 20 da 1500 MPa, bi da bi.Wannan yayi daidai da (\lambda _y \) 5.3, 1.7 da 14.2 mm a 29.75 kHz, bi da bi (Fig. 7a-c).Yin la'akari da amincin asibiti na hanyar USeFNAB, ana buƙatar kimanta tasirin lissafi akan tsaurin ƙirar bevel34.
Nazarin ma'auni na bevel da tsayin bututu (Fig. 9) ya nuna cewa mafi kyawun kewayon TL don asymmetric (1.8 mm) ya fi girma fiye da bevel axisymmetric (1.3 mm).Bugu da ƙari, faranti na motsi ya tashi daga 4 zuwa 4.5 mm kuma daga 6 zuwa 7 mm don asymmetric da axisymmetric tilt, bi da bi (Fig. 9a, b).An bayyana mahimmancin aikin wannan binciken a cikin jurewar masana'anta, alal misali, ƙaramin kewayon mafi kyawun TL na iya nuna buƙatar daidaiton tsayi mafi girma.A lokaci guda, dandali na yawan amfanin ƙasa yana ba da ƙarin juriya ga zaɓin tsayin gangara a mitar da aka ba da ba tare da tasiri mai mahimmanci ba.
Nazarin ya ƙunshi iyakoki masu zuwa.Aunawa kai tsaye na karkatar da allura ta amfani da gano gefuna da hoto mai saurin gaske (Hoto 12) yana nufin cewa an iyakance mu ga kafofin watsa labarai na zahiri kamar iska da ruwa.Har ila yau, muna so mu nuna cewa ba mu yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje ba don gwada motsin canja wuri da aka kwatanta da kuma akasin haka, amma mun yi amfani da nazarin FEM don ƙayyade mafi kyawun tsawon allurar da aka ƙera.Daga ra'ayi na iyakoki masu amfani, tsawon lancet daga tip zuwa hannun riga yana da 0.4 cm fiye da sauran allura (AX1-3), duba fig.3 b.Wannan na iya shafar amsawar yanayin tsarin acicular.Bugu da kari, siffa da girma na waveguide gubar solder (duba Hoto na 3) na iya yin tasiri na injina na ƙirar fil, yana haifar da kurakurai a cikin injin injin da kuma lanƙwasawa.
A ƙarshe, mun gwada gwaji cewa gemfurin bevel yana shafar adadin karkata a cikin USeFNAB.A cikin yanayi inda girman girman jujjuyawa zai iya yin tasiri mai kyau akan tasirin allura akan nama, alal misali, yanke ingantaccen aiki bayan huda, ana iya ba da shawarar lancet na al'ada don USeFNAB, tunda yana ba da mafi girman girman juzu'i yayin da yake kiyaye isasshen ƙarfi. a tip na zane.Bugu da ƙari, wani binciken da aka yi a baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa mafi girman ƙaddamarwa na iya haɓaka tasirin ilimin halitta kamar cavitation, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa aikace-aikace don ƙananan ƙwayar cuta.Ganin cewa an nuna ƙara yawan ƙarfin sauti don ƙara yawan amfanin biopsy daga USeFNAB13, ana buƙatar ƙarin nazarin ƙididdige yawan amfanin samfur da inganci don tantance cikakken fa'idar asibiti na lissafin lissafin allura da aka yi nazari.
Frable, WJ Kyakkyawan buri biopsy: bita.Humph.Mara lafiya14:9-28.doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(83)80042-2 (1983).
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-13-2022