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Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mphamvu yaulere yapamtunda ndi mphamvu yapamtunda?Pomaliza, ili ndi funso la semantic.Mphamvu yaulere yapamtunda ndi mphamvu yaulere pamalo enaake (zakuthupi).M'lingaliro loyera la thermodynamics, mphamvu yaulere imatanthawuza mphamvu yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, kuyambitsa zotsatira, ndi kupanga chinachake.Mphamvu zaulere zapamtunda zimagwirizana ndi mphamvu zomwe zingatheke pamtunda wa zinthuzo.
Kwa opanga ndi aliyense amene akuchita zomatira, zoyeretsa, zomangira, zokutira, inki ndi utoto, kusindikiza, kapena njira ina iliyonse yokhudzana ndi malo okhala ndi malo ena kapena chilengedwe, mphamvu yaulere yapamtunda nthawi zambiri imafupikitsidwa kukhala mphamvu ya Surface.
Maonekedwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pazochitika zonse zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa, ndipo ngakhale zitakhala ndi zotsatira zachindunji pa ntchito ya opanga mankhwala m'mafakitale onse, nthawi zambiri sizimayesedwa ndipo sizimayendetsedwa.
Kulamulira pamwamba popanga kumatanthauza kulamulira mphamvu ya pamwamba pa zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pamwamba pake pali mamolekyu omwe amalumikizana ndi mankhwala ndi mamolekyu omwe amapanga pamwamba pa zinthu zina zomwe zimakumana nazo.Pofuna kusintha mphamvu ya pamwamba, ziyenera kumveka kuti mamolekyuwa amatha kuchotsedwa mwa kuyeretsa ndi kuchiza, kusinthidwa kapena kusinthidwa kuti apange milingo yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu yapamtunda ndikukwaniritsa zotsatira zomwe mukufuna.Pofuna kulamulira mphamvu ya pamwamba, iyenera kuyezedwa panthawi yonse yosintha chemistry kuti mudziwe nthawi ndi kuchuluka kwake.Mwanjira imeneyi, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kofunikira kungathe kupezedwa panthawi yoyenera panthawi yomatira kapena kuyeretsa.
Kuti timvetsetse momwe mamolekyu amagwirira ntchito yomanga zomangira zolimba komanso kuyeretsa malo, tiyenera kumvetsetsa zomwe zimakokera mamolekyuwo pamodzi ndikupanga mphamvu zonse zaulere zomwe zilipo.
Tikakamba za mphamvu ya pamwamba, tikukamba za mphamvu ya pamwambayi kuti igwire ntchito.Kunena zowona, uku ndiko kuthekera kwa pamwamba kusuntha mamolekyu-kuyenda uku kumafuna mphamvu.Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti pamwamba ndi mamolekyu omwe amapanga pamwamba pake ndi ofanana.Popanda mamolekyu, palibe pamwamba.Ngati palibe mphamvu, mamolekyuwa sangathe kumaliza ntchito ya adsorbing pa zomatira, kotero palibe kugwirizana.
Choncho, ntchito imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu.Ntchito zambiri zimafuna mphamvu zambiri.Komanso, ngati muli ndi mphamvu zambiri, ntchito yanu idzawonjezeka.Mphamvu ya molekyulu kugwira ntchito imachokera ku kukopa kwake kupita ku mamolekyu ena.Mphamvu zokongolazi zimachokera ku njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe mamolekyu amachitira.
Kwenikweni, mamolekyu amalumikizana chifukwa ali ndi mamolekyu abwino komanso oyipa, ndipo amakopa zotsutsana pakati pa mamolekyu.Mtambo wa ma elekitironi umayandama mozungulira molekyuyo.Chifukwa cha ma elekitironi omwe amayenda mosalekeza, molekyuyo imakhala ndi mtengo wosinthika mu molekyulu ya dera lopatsidwa.Ngati mamolekyu onse ali ndi chiwongolero chofanana kuzungulira iwo, palibe mamolekyu omwe angakope anzawo.Tangoganizani zimbalangondo ziwiri za mpira, mpira uliwonse uli ndi kugawa kofanana kwa ma elekitironi pamwamba pake.Komanso sangakope wina ndi mzake chifukwa onse ali ndi mlandu wolakwika ndipo palibe mlandu wabwino womwe ungakopeke.
Mwamwayi, m'dziko lenileni, mitambo yamagetsi iyi imayenda nthawi zonse, ndipo pali madera omwe ali ndi ndalama zabwino kapena zoipa nthawi iliyonse.Ngati muli ndi mamolekyu awiri okhala ndi ma elekitironi opangidwa mwachisawawa mozungulira nthawi iliyonse, adzakhala ndi kukopa pang'ono pakati pawo.Mphamvu yopangidwa ndi kugawidwa kwachisawawa kwa milandu yabwino ndi yolakwika mumtambo wa elekitironi mozungulira molekyuluyo imatchedwa mphamvu yakubalalika.
Mphamvu izi ndi zofooka kwambiri.Mosasamala kanthu za kapangidwe ka molekyulu, pali mphamvu yobalalika pakati pa mamolekyu onse, omwe amatsutsana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya polar yopangidwa ndi kapangidwe ka molekyulu.
Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yobalalika ndiyo mphamvu yokhayo yomwe ilipo pakati pa mamolekyu a nayitrogeni.Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, nayitrogeni ndi mtundu wa mpweya, chifukwa mphamvu yobalalitsira imakhala yofooka kwambiri, singathe kukana kugwedezeka kwa kutentha ngakhale kutentha kwapakati kwambiri, ndipo sikungathe kugwirizanitsa mamolekyu a nayitrogeni.Pokhapokha titachotsa pafupifupi mphamvu zonse zotentha pozizizira mpaka -195 ° C m'pamene nayitrogeniyo imakhala yamadzimadzi.Mphamvu yamatenthedwe ikachepetsedwa mokwanira, mphamvu yobalalika yofooka imatha kuthana ndi kugwedezeka kwamafuta ndikukokera mamolekyu a nayitrogeni kuti apange madzi.
Tikayang’ana pa madzi, kukula kwake kwa mamolekyu ndi kulemera kwake n’zofanana ndi za nayitrojeni, koma kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a m’madzi n’kosiyana ndi a nitrogen.Popeza madzi ndi molekyulu ya polar kwambiri, mamolekyu amakopana mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo madziwo amakhalabe amadzimadzi mpaka kutentha kwamadzi kumakwera pamwamba pa 100 ° C.Pa kutentha uku, mphamvu ya kutentha imagonjetsa maselo Ndi mphamvu za polar zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa pamodzi, madzi amakhala mpweya.
Mfundo yofunika kumvetsetsa ndikusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa mphamvu yobalalika ndi mphamvu ya polar yomwe imakopa mamolekyu kwa wina ndi mzake.Tikamalankhula za mphamvu yapamtunda yopangidwa ndi mphamvu zokopa izi, chonde kumbukirani izi.
Mphamvu zobalalika pamwamba ndi mbali ya mphamvu ya pamwamba, yomwe imapangidwa ndi kubalalitsidwa kwa mitambo ya electron mu mamolekyu pamwamba pa zinthuzo.Mphamvu yonse ya pamwamba ndi chiwonetsero chokongola cha kukopa kwa mamolekyu kwa wina ndi mzake.Mphamvu zam'mwamba zomwazika ndi gawo la mphamvu zonse, ngakhale zili zofooka komanso zosinthasintha.
Kwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, mphamvu yobalalika padziko lapansi ndi yosiyana.Ma polima onunkhira kwambiri (monga polystyrene) ali ndi mphete zambiri za benzene komanso zigawo zazikulu zobalalitsira mphamvu pamtunda.Momwemonso, chifukwa ali ndi ma heteroatomu ambiri (monga chlorine), PVC ilinso ndi gawo lalikulu lamphamvu lomwazika pamwamba pa mphamvu zawo zonse zapamtunda.
Choncho, udindo wa mphamvu zobalalitsa pakupanga zimadalira zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.Komabe, popeza mphamvu yobalalikayo sidalira kwenikweni kapangidwe kake ka mamolekyu, njira yowalamulira ili yochepa kwambiri.
Kuyanjana kwa kusokonezeka kwa ma elekitironi mobalalika kutengera kusinthasintha kumeneku si njira yokhayo yolumikizirana mamolekyu.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ena omwe amapanga mphamvu zina zowoneka bwino pakati pa mamolekyu, mamolekyu amatha kulumikizana ndi mamolekyu ena.Pali njira zambiri zogawira mphamvu zina izi, monga kuyanjana kwa acid-base, komwe mamolekyu amalumikizana kudzera pakutha kuvomereza kapena kupereka ma elekitironi.
Mamolekyu ena ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe amapanga dipoles okhazikika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti, kuwonjezera pa kubalalitsidwa mwachisawawa kwa ma elekitironi kuzungulira molekyulu, mbali zina za molekyulu nthawi zonse zimakhala zabwino kapena zoyipa kuposa zina.Izi dipoles okhazikika ndi wokongola kwambiri kuposa dispersive kuyanjana.
Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, mamolekyu ena amakhala ndi zigawo zomwe zimakhala zabwino kapena zoyipa.Polar surface energy ndi gawo la mphamvu yapamtunda, yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha kukopa kwazinthuzi pakati pa mamolekyu.
Titha kuyang'ana mosavuta zochitika zonse zosabalalika pansi pa chitetezo cha kuyanjana kwa polar.
Kubalalika kwa molekyulu ndi ntchito ya kukula kwa molekyulu, makamaka kuchuluka kwa ma electron ndi ma protoni omwe alipo.Sitikhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pa chiwerengero cha ma electron ndi ma protoni, zomwe zimalepheretsa mphamvu yathu yolamulira gawo lobalalika la mphamvu ya pamwamba.
Komabe, chigawo cha polar chimadalira malo a ma protoni ndi ma elekitironi - mawonekedwe a molekyulu.Titha kusintha kugawa kwa ma elekitironi ndi ma protoni kudzera mu njira zamankhwala monga chithandizo cha corona ndi chithandizo cha plasma.Izi ndizofanana ndi momwe tingasinthire mawonekedwe a dongo, koma nthawi zonse azikhala ndi khalidwe lomwelo.
Mphamvu za polar ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa ndi gawo la mphamvu zomwe timazilamulira tikamachiritsa pamtunda.Kukopa kwa Dipole-dipole ndizomwe zimayambitsa kumamatira mwamphamvu pakati pa zomatira zambiri, utoto ndi inki ndi malo.Kupyolera mu kuyeretsa, chithandizo chamoto, chithandizo cha corona, chithandizo cha plasma kapena mtundu wina uliwonse wa chithandizo chapamwamba, titha kuwonjezera gawo la polar la mphamvu yapamtunda, potero kupititsa patsogolo kumamatira.
Pogwiritsa ntchito mbali yofanana ya IPA pukuta kawiri pamtunda womwewo, zinthu zochepetsetsa zokha zimatha kuyambitsidwa pamwamba kuti zichepetse mopanda chigawo cha polar cha mphamvu yapamtunda.Kuonjezera apo, pamtunda ukhoza kuchiritsidwa mopitirira muyeso, zomwe zimasokoneza komanso zimachepetsa mphamvu zapamtunda.Pamene pamwamba sichipangidwa konse, chigawo cha polar cha mphamvu ya pamwamba chidzasinthanso.Malo osungiramo oyera amakopa mamolekyu m'chilengedwe, kuphatikiza zida zonyamula.Izi zimasintha mawonekedwe a mamolekyu a pamwamba ndipo zingachepetse mphamvu ya pamwamba.
Sitingathe kulamulira kukula kwa kubalalitsidwa.Mphamvuzi ndizokhazikika, ndipo palibe phindu poyesera kusintha mphamvu yobalalika monga njira yoyendetsera khalidwe lapamwamba kuti akwaniritse zomatira zodalirika panthawi yopanga.
Tikapanga kapena kusintha pamwamba, timapanga mawonekedwe a gawo la polar la mphamvu yapamtunda.Chifukwa chake, ngati tikufuna kupanga njira yochizira pamwamba kuti tiziwongolera zinthu, ndiye kuti tikufuna kuwongolera mawonekedwe a polar.
Mphamvu yaulere yapamtunda ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito pakati pa mamolekyu.Pali njira zina zopangira mphamvu zopanda mphamvu.Ngati tisankha kuchitira mphamvu zonse zosabalalika ngati mphamvu za polar, kuwerengera kwa mphamvu yaulere padziko lapansi ndikosavuta.Fomula ndi:
Popanga mankhwala odalirika, chithandizo chapamwamba, kuyeretsa ndi kukonzekera, mphamvu yaulere ya pamwamba ndi yofanana ndi mphamvu ya pamwamba.
Chifukwa cha zofunikira zopanga zomwe zimakhudzidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kumatira kwa olowa, kumamatira koyenera kwa inki papulasitiki kapena kupaka utoto wa "kudziyeretsa" pazenera la smartphone, zonse zimadalira kuwongolera. za pamwamba katundu.Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa mphamvu yapamtunda monga chotsatira cha lingaliro lopanga.
Mphamvu zapamwamba zimachokera ku njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe mamolekyu amakokerana.Kulumikizana kwa polar pakati pa mamolekyu ndikofunika kwambiri pakumatira ndi kuyeretsa, chifukwa kuyanjana kwa mamolekyuwa ndizomwe titha kuzilamulira kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apamwamba, akupera, mchenga, kuyeretsa, kupukuta kapena njira ina iliyonse yokonzekera pamwamba.
Kudziwa za polarity ndi kubalalitsidwa zikuchokera ndi kukangana pamwamba n'kofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha zomatira, inki ndi zokutira.Komabe, pazinthu zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zomatira, inki, utoto ndi zokutira, nthawi zambiri timangofunika kumvetsera mbali ya polar ya mphamvu ya pamwamba, chifukwa ndi imodzi yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kupanga.
Kuyeza mphamvu zonse pamtunda ndi njira yovuta komanso yolakwika.Komabe, njira yolumikizirana yamadzi amodzi ngati madzi imatsimikiziridwa ndi gawo la polar la mphamvu yapamtunda.Choncho, poyeza mbali imene imapangidwa ndi kutalika kwa dontho la madzi pamwamba pake, tingathe kudziwa molondola kwambiri mmene chigawo cha polar cha m’mlengalenga chimasinthira.Nthawi zambiri, mphamvu yapamtunda ikakhala yapamwamba, m'pamenenso madontho amadzi amakopeka ndi kufalikira kapena kunyowetsa.Kutsika kwamphamvu kwamadzi kumapangitsa madzi kukhala ngati mikanda ndikuphwanyidwa kukhala tinthu ting'onoting'ono pamtunda, ndikupanga ngodya yayikulu yolumikizana.Kugwirizana kwa muyeso wa ngodya iyi kumagwirizana ndi mphamvu zapamtunda chifukwa chake kumamatira, zomwe zimapereka opanga njira yodalirika komanso yobwerezabwereza kuti atsimikizire kulimba kwa zinthu zawo.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za momwe mungawongolere njira yopangira zinthu kuti mupeze zotsatira zodziwikiratu, tsitsani e-book yathu yaulere: Tsimikizirani zomatira zodziwikiratu popanga popanga.Buku la e-book ili ndi kalozera wanu wokonzekera kuwunika pogwiritsa ntchito ma analytics amtsogolo, njira yomwe imachotsa zongopeka zokhuza kusungika kwapamwamba panthawi yonse yolumikizana.