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Zasonyezedwa posachedwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ultrasound kumawonjezera zokolola za minofu mu ultrasound-assisted fine needle aspiration (USeFNAB) poyerekeza ndi chizolowezi chabwino cha singano aspiration (FNAB).Mpaka pano, ubale pakati pa bevel geometry ndi kayendedwe ka nsonga sunaphunzire bwino.Mu kafukufukuyu, tidafufuza za mawonekedwe a singano ndi matalikidwe opindika amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya singano ya singano yokhala ndi utali wosiyanasiyana wa bevel.Pogwiritsa ntchito lancet yokhazikika ya 3.9 mm, nsonga yamagetsi yamagetsi (DPR) mumlengalenga ndi madzi inali 220 ndi 105 µm/W, motsatana.Izi ndizokwera kuposa nsonga ya axisymmetric 4mm beveled, kupereka 180 ndi 80 µm/W DPR mumlengalenga ndi madzi, motsatana.Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kuuma kopindika kwa bevel geometry mu nkhani ya njira zosiyanasiyana zoyikapo, ndipo motero angapereke chidziwitso cha njira zoyendetsera ntchito yodula pambuyo poboola posintha singano ya bevel geometry, yomwe ndi yofunika.pakugwiritsa ntchito kwa USeFNAB ndikofunikira.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) ndi njira yopezera zitsanzo za minyewa ya anthu omwe akuwaganizira kuti ali ndi matenda1,2,3 pogwiritsa ntchito singano.Nsonga ya ku Franseen yawonetsedwa kuti imapereka magwiridwe antchito apamwamba kuposa maupangiri wamba a lancet4 ndi Menghini5.Otsetsereka a axisymmetric (ie circumferential) amaperekedwanso kuti awonjezere mwayi wa zitsanzo zokhala ndi histopathologically zokwanira.
Pa biopsy, singano imadutsa pakhungu ndi minofu kuti ipeze zotupa zokayikitsa.Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti ultrasound ikhoza kuchepetsa mphamvu yolowera yomwe ikufunika kuti ipeze minofu yofewa7,8,9,10.Needle bevel geometry yawonetsedwa kuti imakhudza mphamvu zolumikizana ndi singano, mwachitsanzo, ma bevel ataliatali awonetsedwa kuti ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zolowera minofu11.Singano ikalowa pamwamba pa minofu, mwachitsanzo, itatha puncture, mphamvu yodulira ya singano imatha kukhala 75% ya mphamvu yolumikizana ya singano ndi minofu12.Zasonyezedwa kuti mu gawo la post-puncture, ultrasound (ultrasound) imawonjezera mphamvu ya matenda a minyewa yofewa.Njira zina zowonjezeretsa mafupa a ultrasound zapangidwa kuti atenge zitsanzo za minofu yolimba, koma palibe zotsatira zomwe zanenedwa kuti zimawonjezera zokolola za biopsy.Kafukufuku wambiri watsimikiziranso kuti kusamuka kwamakina kumawonjezeka mukakumana ndi ultrasonic stress16,17,18.Ngakhale pali maphunziro ambiri pa axial (longitudinal) static mphamvu mu kuyanjana kwa minofu ya singano19,20, pali maphunziro ochepa pa mphamvu za nthawi ndi geometry ya singano bevel pansi pa akupanga FNAB (USeFNAB).
Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kufufuza zotsatira za ma bevel geometries osiyanasiyana pakuyenda kwa singano nsonga mu singano yoyendetsedwa ndi akupanga kupinda.Makamaka, tidafufuza momwe jakisoniyo amakhudzira nsonga ya singano pambuyo poboola ma bevel achikhalidwe (mwachitsanzo, singano za USeFNAB pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana monga kusankha kusankha kapena kupeza minofu yofewa.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bevel idaphatikizidwa mu kafukufukuyu.(a) Mafotokozedwe a Lancet amagwirizana ndi ISO 7864:201636 pomwe \(\ alpha\) ndi bevel yoyamba, \(\theta\) ndi ngodya yozungulira ya bevel yachiwiri, ndipo \(\phi\) ndi bevel yachiwiri. ngodya., pozungulira, m'madigiri (\(^\circ\)).(b) Linear asymmetrical single step chamfers (otchedwa "standard" mu DIN 13097:201937) ndi (c) Linear axisymmetric (circumferential) single step chamfers.
Njira yathu imayamba potengera kusintha kwamafunde opindika motsatira bevel kwa ma lancet wamba, axisymmetric, ndi asymmetric single-siteji bevel geometries.Kenako tinawerengera kafukufuku wa parametric kuti tiwone momwe kutsetsereka kwa chitoliro ndi kutalika kwa makina kumasinthira.Izi ndizofunikira kuti mudziwe kutalika koyenera kupanga singano ya prototype.Kutengera kuyerekezera, ma prototypes a singano adapangidwa ndipo machitidwe awo owoneka bwino adayesedwa poyesa ma voltage reflection coefficients ndikuwerengera mphamvu yosinthira mphamvu mumlengalenga, m'madzi ndi 10% (w / v) ballistic gelatin, komwe kumapangidwira pafupipafupi. .Pomaliza, kujambula kothamanga kwambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza mwachindunji kupotoza kwa mafunde opindika kumapeto kwa singano mumlengalenga ndi m'madzi, komanso kuyerekeza mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imaperekedwa pamakona aliwonse oblique ndi geometry ya chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya deflection ( DPR) kupita ku sing'anga yobadwira..
Monga momwe chithunzi 2a chikusonyezera, gwiritsani ntchito chubu cha 21 gauge (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, chubu khoma makulidwe 0.155 mm, khoma lokhazikika) kutanthauzira chubu cha singano chokhala ndi kutalika kwa chubu (TL) ndi ngodya ya bevel (BL) molingana ndi ISO. 9626: 201621) mu 316 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri (Young's modulus 205 \(\ text {GN/m}^{2}\), kachulukidwe 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\) ndi Poisson's ratio 0.275).
Kutsimikiza kwa utali wopindika ndikusintha kwa finite element model (FEM) ya singano ndi malire.(a) Kutsimikiza kwa kutalika kwa bevel (BL) ndi kutalika kwa chitoliro (TL).(b) Mawonekedwe atatu (3D) finite element model (FEM) pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya harmonic point \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\) kuyendetsa singano moyandikana, kupotoza mfundoyo, ndi kuyeza liwiro pa nsonga (\ ( \tilde {u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) kuti awerengere kusamutsidwa kwa mechanical fluidity.\(\lambda _y\) amatanthauzidwa ngati kupindika kwa mafunde opindika mogwirizana ndi mphamvu yoyimirira \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Tanthauzo la likulu la mphamvu yokoka, gawo lodutsa gawo A, ndi mphindi za inertia \(I_{xx}\) ndi \(I_{yy}\) kuzungulira ma ax ndi y, motsatana.
Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu.2b, c, kwa mtengo wopandamalire (wopanda malire) wokhala ndi gawo lozungulira A komanso kutalika kwa mawonekedwe akulu kuposa kukula kwa gawolo, liwiro lopindika (kapena lopindika) \( c_{EI}\) limatsimikiziridwa ndi 22 :
pomwe E ndi Young's modulus (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) ndi mafupipafupi a angular (rad/s), pamene \( f_0 \ ) ndi liniya pafupipafupi (1/s kapena Hz), ine ndi mphindi ya inertia wa dera mozungulira axis chidwi\((\text {m}^{4})\), \(m'=\ rho _0 A\ ) ndi unyinji pa utali wa unit (kg/m), pamene \(\rho _0\) ndi kachulukidwe\((\text {kg/m}^{3})\) ndi A ndiye mtanda gawo la nthiti (xy plane) (\(\ text {m}^{2}\)).Popeza mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chitsanzo chathu ikufanana ndi y-axis yoyimirira, mwachitsanzo \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), timangosangalatsidwa ndi mphindi yachigawo ya inertia mozungulira x-axis yopingasa, ndiye \(ine_{xx}\), kotero:
Kwa finite element model (FEM), kusamuka koyera (m) kumaganiziridwa, kotero mathamangitsidwe (\(\text {m/s}^{2}\)) amawonetsedwa ngati \(\ partial ^2 \vec). {u}/ \ pang'ono t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\) monga \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t): = u_x\vec {i} + u_y\ vec {j } + u_z\vec {k}\) ndi cholumikizira cha mbali zitatu choperekedwa m'malo olumikizirana.M'malo mwa izi, molingana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake mu phukusi la pulogalamu ya COMSOL Multiphysics (mitundu 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), mawonekedwe omaliza a Lagrangian a lamulo loyendetsa liwiro amaperekedwa motere:
kumene \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \partial }{\ partial z}\vec {k}\) ndiye woyendetsa divergence, \({\ underline{\sigma}}\) ndi yachiwiri ya Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor (second order, \(\ text { N/ m}^{2}\)) ndi \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec {k} \) ndi body force vector (\(\text {N/m}^{3}\)) pa voliyumu iliyonse yopunduka, ndipo \(e^{j\phi }\) ndi gawo la vesi\(\ phi \) (wokondwa).Kwa ife, mphamvu ya mphamvu ya thupi ndi ziro, chitsanzo chathu chimatengera mzere wa geometric ndi kapangidwe kakang'ono kosalala, mwachitsanzo, kumene \({\ underline{\ varepsilon}} ^ {el}\) ndi \({\ underline {\ varepsilon}}\) ndi zotupa zotanuka ndi zovuta zonse (dongosolo lachiwiri, lopanda dimensionless), motsatana.Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \(\underline{\underline{C}}\) amawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito modulus E ya Young (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)) ndipo chiŵerengero cha Poisson v chatsimikiziridwa, mwachitsanzo. \(\ underline{\ underline{C}}:=\ underline{\ underline{C}}(E,v)\) (mzere wachinayi).Chifukwa chake kuwerengera kupsinjika kumakhala \({\ underline{\sigma}} := \ underline{\ underline{C}}:{\ underline{\varepsilon}}}).
Kuwerengeraku kumagwiritsa ntchito chinthu cha 10-node tetrahedral chokhala ndi kukula kwa chinthu \(\le\) cha 8 µm.Singano imapangidwa mu vacuum, ndipo mtengo wa makina osunthika (ms-1 N-1) amatanthauzidwa kuti \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec { j}|/ |\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, pomwe \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) ndi liwiro lomveka la chogwiritsira ntchito ndi \(\ tilde {F}_y\ vec {j}\) ndi mphamvu yoyendetsa galimoto yovuta yomwe ili kumapeto kwa chubu, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2b.Tanthauzirani kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi mu ma decibel (dB) pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri ngati chilozera, mwachitsanzo \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}|) \ ) .Maphunziro onse a FEM adachitika pafupipafupi 29.75 kHz.
Mapangidwe a singano (mkuyu 3) ali ndi singano yachibadwa ya 21-gauge hypodermic (Cat. No. zitsulo , B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) wokhala ndi manja a pulasitiki a Luer Lock opangidwa ndi polypropylene kumapeto kwa proximal ndi kusinthidwa moyenera kumapeto.Chubu cha singano chimagulitsidwa ku waveguide monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 3b.Mafundewa adasindikizidwa pa chosindikizira cha 3D chosapanga dzimbiri (EOS 316L chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri pa chosindikizira cha EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) ndikumangidwira ku sensa ya Langevin pogwiritsa ntchito mabawuti a M4.Sensor ya Langevin imakhala ndi mphete 8 za piezoelectric zodzaza mbali zonse ziwiri ndi misa iwiri.
Mitundu inayi ya nsonga (chithunzi), lancet yopezeka pamalonda (L) ndi ma bevel atatu opangidwa ndi axisymmetric single-siteji (AX1-3) anali ndi utali wa bevel (BL) wa 4, 1.2 ndi 0.5 mm, motsatana.(a) Kutsekereza nsonga ya singano.(b) Mawonedwe apamwamba a zikhomo zinayi zogulitsidwa ku 3D printed waveguide ndiyeno olumikizidwa ku sensor ya Langevin yokhala ndi mabawuti a M4.
Malangizo atatu a axisymmetric bevel (mkuyu 3) adapangidwa (TAs Machine Tools Oy) ndi kutalika kwa bevel (BL, monga momwe tafotokozera mkuyu 2a) ya 4.0, 1.2 ndi 0.5 mm, yofanana ndi \ (\ pafupifupi) 2 \ (^ \ circ\), 7\(^\circ\) ndi 18\(^\circ\) motsatana.Kulemera kwa waveguide ndi singano ndi 3.4 ± 0.017 g (kutanthauza ± sd, n = 4) kwa ma bevel L ndi AX1-3, motsatana (Quintix\(^\circledR\) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany) .Kwa ma bevel a L ndi AX1-3 mu Chithunzi 3b, kutalika konse kuchokera kunsonga kwa singano mpaka kumapeto kwa manja apulasitiki kunali 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, ndi 13.3 cm, motsatana.
Pa masinthidwe onse a singano, kutalika kuchokera ku nsonga ya singano kupita kunsonga ya waveguide (ie, kudera la weld) kunali 4.3 cm, ndipo chubu cha singano chinkayang'ana ndi odulidwa mmwamba (ie, kufanana ndi Y axis) , monga momwe chithunzichi chikusonyezera.c (mkuyu 2).
Zolemba zokhazikika ku MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) zomwe zikuyenda pakompyuta (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga kusesa kwa sinusoidal kuchokera pa 25 mpaka 35 kHz kwa masekondi 7, kudutsa A digito-to-analogi (DA) converter (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA) kutembenukira ku chizindikiro cha analogi.Chizindikiro cha analogi \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) kenako chinakulitsidwa ndi amplifier odzipereka a wailesi (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).Magetsi otsika otsika \({V_I}\) kuchokera ku RF amplifier yokhala ndi cholepheretsa cha 50 ohms amaperekedwa ku thiransifoma yomangidwa mu singano yokhala ndi cholepheretsa cha 50 ohms.Ma transducers a Langevin (ma transducers akutsogolo ndi akumbuyo olemera a multilayer piezoelectric transducers) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mafunde amakina.Mwambo wa RF amplifier uli ndi mita ya dual-channel stand wave power factor (SWR) yomwe imajambulitsa zomwe zinachitika \({V_I}\) ndikuwonetsa amplified voltage\(V_R\) munjira ya analog-to-digital (AD).yokhala ndi zitsanzo za 300 kHz Converter (analogue Discovery 2).Chizindikiro chosangalatsa chimasinthidwa koyambirira komanso kumapeto kuti chiteteze kuchulukitsitsa kwa amplifier ndi zodutsa.
Pogwiritsa ntchito script yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu MATLAB, frequency reaction function (FRF), mwachitsanzo \(\tilde{H}(f)\), idaganiziridwa popanda intaneti pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyezera sinusoidal kusesa (mkuyu 4), yomwe imatengera njira ziwiri mzere mu nthawi.dongosolo losasinthika.Kuphatikiza apo, fyuluta ya 20 mpaka 40 kHz band pass imayikidwa kuti ichotse ma frequency osafunikira pa siginecha.Ponena za chiphunzitso cha mizere yopatsirana, pamenepa \(\tilde{H}(f)\) ikufanana ndi mphamvu yowunikira magetsi, ie \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I}\). ) \) imachepa kufika \({V_R}^ 2 /{V_I}^2\ ) mofanana \(|\rho _{V}|^2\).Munthawi yomwe mphamvu zamphamvu zonse zamagetsi zimafunikira, mphamvu ya zochitika \ (P_I\) ndi mphamvu \ (P_R\) mphamvu (W) zimawerengedwa potenga rms value (rms) ya voteji yofananira, mwachitsanzo.kwa mzere wopatsirana wokhala ndi chisangalalo cha sinusoidal \( P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, pomwe \(Z_0\) ndi wofanana ndi 50 \(\Omega\).Mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imaperekedwa ku katundu \(P_T\) (ie, sing'anga yoyikidwa) ikhoza kuwerengedwa ngati \(|P_I - P_R |\) (W RMS), komanso mphamvu yotumizira mphamvu (PTE) ndi peresenti ( %) zitha kutsimikiziridwa momwe mawonekedwewo amaperekera, kotero 27:
Ma acicular modal frequencies \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) ndi ma acicular modal frequencies \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3} \) amayerekezeredwa pogwiritsa ntchito FRF.FWHM (\(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) akuyerekeza kuchokera \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), kuchokera ku Table 1 A mbali imodzi linear sipekitiramu imapezeka pamafupipafupi a modal \(f_{1-3}\).
Kuyeza kwa ma frequency reaction (AFC) a zida za singano.Sinusoidal two-channel sweep measurement25,38 imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza ma frequency reaction function \(\tilde{H}(f)\) ndi kuyankha kwake mwachangu H(t).\({\ masamu {F}}\) ndi \({\ masamu {F}}^{-1}\) amayimira kusintha kwa Fourier kwa kuchepetsedwa kwa digito ndi kusinthika kwake, motsatana.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) amatanthauza chopangidwa ndi ma siginoloji awiri pa frequency domain, mwachitsanzo \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) amatanthauza chinthu chosakanizira\(\tilde{ X} r (f)\ ) ndikugwetsa voteji \(\tilde{X}(f)\) motsatana.
Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5, kamera yothamanga kwambiri (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., NJ, USA) ili ndi lens yaikulu (MP-E 65mm, \ (f \) / 2.8, 1-5 \).(\times\), Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan), kuti mujambule zokhotakhota panthawi yopindika (nthawi imodzi, sinusoid yopitilira) pama frequency a 27.5-30 kHz.Kuti apange mapu amthunzi, chinthu chozizira cha LED yoyera kwambiri (gawo nambala: 4052899910881, LED yoyera, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) inayikidwa kuseri kwa nsonga ya singano.
Kuwonekera kutsogolo kwa khwekhwe loyesera.Kuzama kumayesedwa kuchokera pamwamba pa sing'anga.Mapangidwe a singano amamangika ndikuyikidwa patebulo lotengera mota.Gwiritsani ntchito kamera yothamanga kwambiri yokhala ndi lens yokulira kwambiri (5\(\x\)) kuti muyeze kupotokola kozungulira.Miyeso yonse ndi ma millimeters.
Pamtundu uliwonse wa singano, tidajambula mafelemu 300 a kamera yothamanga kwambiri yokhala ndi ma pixel 128 \(\x\) 128, iliyonse yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a 1/180 mm (\(\ approx) 5 µm), yokhala ndi kusamvana kwakanthawi kwa mafelemu 310,000 pamphindikati.Monga momwe chithunzi 6, chimango chilichonse (1) chimadulidwa (2) kotero kuti nsonga ya singano ili pamzere womaliza (pansi) wa chimango, ndipo histogram ya fano (3) imawerengedwa, kotero Canny malire a 1 ndi 2 akhoza kutsimikiziridwa.Kenako ikani Canny edge discovery 28(4) ndi Sobel operator 3 \(\times\) 3 ndikuwerengera ma pixel omwe si a hypopotenuse (otchedwa \(\mathbf {\times}\)) popanda cavitation masitepe 300.Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa nsonga zokhotakhota, werengerani zotulukapo (pogwiritsa ntchito algorithm yapakati) (6) ndikuwona furemu (7) yomwe ili ndi kunyanyira komweko (ie nsonga) ya kupatukako.Pambuyo poyang'ana m'mphepete mwa cavitation-free, mafelemu awiri (kapena mafelemu awiri okhala ndi nthawi ya theka) adasankhidwa (7) ndipo kupotoza kwa nsonga kunayesedwa (kutchedwa \(\ mathbf {\times }) \)).Zomwe zili pamwambapa zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) pogwiritsa ntchito OpenCV Canny edge diagnosis algorithm (v4.5.1, open source computer vision library, opencv.org).Pomaliza, mphamvu yopatuka (DPR, µm/W) imawerengeredwa ngati chiŵerengero cha kupatuka kwa nsonga-mpaka ku mphamvu yamagetsi yopatsirana \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya 7-step algorithm (1-7), kuphatikizapo kubzala (1-2), Canny edge kuzindikira (3-4), kuwerengetsera, kuyeza malo a pixel a m'mphepete mwa nsonga yokhotakhota pogwiritsa ntchito mafelemu angapo otengedwa kuchokera kumtunda- kamera yothamanga pa 310 kHz ( 5) ndi kutengera nthawi yake (6), ndipo, pamapeto pake, kupotoza kwa nsonga kumayezedwa pamafelemu omwe amawonedwa ndi maso (7).
Kuyezedwa mumlengalenga (22.4-22.9 ° C), madzi opangidwa ndi deionized (20.8-21.5 ° C) ndi 10% (w / v) aqueous ballistic gelatin (19.7-23.0 ° C , \(\ text {Honeywell}^{\ text { TM}}\) \(\text {Fluka}^{\text {TM}}\) Gelatin ya Bovine ndi Pork Bone ya Type I Ballistic Analysis, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).Kutentha kunayesedwa ndi K-type thermocouple amplifier (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) ndi K-type thermocouple (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Gwiritsani ntchito siteji ya Z-axis yoyima ya injini (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) kuti muyeze kuya kuchokera pa media media (yokhazikitsidwa ngati magwero a Z-axis) ndikusintha kwa 5 µm pa sitepe.
Popeza kukula kwachitsanzo kunali kocheperako (n = 5) ndipo sizingaganiziridwe bwino, mayeso amitundu iwiri a Wilcoxon (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project.org) adagwiritsidwa ntchito. kufananiza kuchuluka kwa singano ya singano yamitundu yosiyanasiyana.Mafananidwe atatu adapangidwa pamtunda uliwonse, kotero kuwongolera kwa Bonferroni kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mulingo wofunikira wa 0.017 ndi cholakwika cha 5%.
Kufotokozera kumapangidwa ku Mkuyu 7 pansipa.Pa 29.75 kHz, theka la utali wopindika (\(\lambda _y/2\)) wa singano ya 21-gauge ndi \(\ pafupifupi) 8 mm.Kupindika kwa mafunde kumachepa motsetsereka pamene ikuyandikira kunsonga.Pansonga \(\ lambda _y/2\) pali ma bevel a 3, 1 ndi 7 mm, motsatana, pamalanzi wamba (a), asymmetric (b) ndi axisymmetric (c).Choncho, izi zikutanthauza kuti lancet idzasiyana ndi 5 mm (chifukwa chakuti ndege ziwiri za lancet zimapanga mfundo ya 29.30), otsetsereka asymmetrical adzasiyana ndi 7 mm, ndi otsetsereka. pa mm1.Otsetsereka axisymmetric (pakati pa mphamvu yokoka amakhalabe yemweyo, kotero kokha makulidwe a khoma amasintha motsetsereka).
Kugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa FEM pa 29.75 kHz ndi equation.(1) Kuwerengera kusintha kwa theka la mafunde opindika (\(\lambda _y/2\)) kwa lancet (a), asymmetric (b) ndi axisymmetric (c) oblique geometry (monga mkuyu 1a,b,c).).Avereji \(\lambda_y/2\) ya lancet, asymmetric, ndi axisymmetric slopes ndi 5.65, 5.17, ndi 7.52 mm, motsatana.Dziwani kuti makulidwe ansonga a ma asymmetric ndi axisymmetric bevel amangokhala \(\ pafupifupi) 50 µm.
Kuyenda pachimake \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) ndi kuphatikiza kokwanira kwa chubu kutalika (TL) ndi kupendekera kutalika (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).Kwa lancet wamba, popeza kukula kwake kumakhazikika, TL yabwino kwambiri ndi \ (\ pafupifupi \) 29.1 mm (mkuyu 8).Kwa otsetsereka asymmetric ndi axisymmetric (mkuyu 9a, b, motero), phunziro la FEM linaphatikizapo BL kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 7 mm, kotero kuti miyeso yabwino kwambiri ya TL inali kuchokera ku 26.9 mpaka 28.7 mm (kusiyana kwa 1.8 mm) ndi kuchokera ku 27.9 mpaka 29.2 mm (zosiyana siyana). 1.3 mm).)), motero.Pakuti asymmetric otsetsereka (mkuyu. 9a), ndi mulingo woyenera kwambiri TL chinawonjezeka linearly, kufika kumtunda pa BL 4 mm, ndiyeno chakuthwa utachepa kuchokera BL 5 7 mm.Kwa otsetsereka axisymmetric (mkuyu 9b), TL yabwino kwambiri imawonjezeka motsatira ndi BL elongation ndipo potsiriza imakhazikika pa BL kuchokera ku 6 mpaka 7 mm.Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wa otsetsereka axisymmetric (mkuyu 9c) adawonetsa ma TL abwino kwambiri omwe ali pa \ (\ pafupifupi) 35.1-37.1 mm.Kwa ma BL onse, mtunda pakati pa magulu awiri a ma TL abwino kwambiri ndi \(\ pafupifupi\) 8 mm (wofanana ndi \(\lambda _y/2\)).
Kuyenda kwa Lancet ku 29.75 kHz.Chubu cha singano chinasinthidwa pafupipafupi 29.75 kHz, kugwedezeka kwake kunayesedwa kumapeto ndikuwonetsa ngati kuchuluka kwa kayendedwe ka makina (dB poyerekeza ndi mtengo wapamwamba) kwa TL 26.5-29.5 mm (sitepe 0.1 mm).
Maphunziro a parametric a FEM pafupipafupi a 29.75 kHz akuwonetsa kuti kusuntha kwa nsonga ya axisymmetric sikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa kutalika kwa chubu kuposa mnzake wa asymmetric.Maphunziro a kutalika kwa bevel (BL) ndi kutalika kwa chitoliro (TL) a asymmetric (a) ndi axisymmetric (b, c) bevel geometries m'maphunziro afupipafupi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito FEM (malire akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 2).(a, b) TL idachokera ku 26.5 mpaka 29.5 mm (sitepe 0.1 mm) ndi BL 1-7 mm (sitepe 0.5 mm).(c) Kuphunzira kokulirapo kwa axisymmetric oblique angle kuphatikiza TL 25-40mm (sitepe 0.05mm) ndi 0.1-7mm (sitepe 0.1mm) komwe kumawonetsa chiyerekezo chomwe mukufuna \(\lambda_y/2\) Kusasunthika kumalire a nsonga kumakhutitsidwa.
Kapangidwe ka singano kamakhala ndi ma frequency atatu achilengedwe \(f_{1-3}\) ogawidwa m'magawo otsika, apakati ndi apamwamba monga momwe tawonera mu Gulu 1. Kukula kwa PTE kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 10 ndikuwunikidwa mu Chithunzi 11. Pansipa pali zotsatira za gawo lililonse la modali:
Chitsanzo analemba yomweyo mphamvu kutengerapo dzuwa (PTE) matalikidwe analandira ntchito sinusoidal chisangalalo ndi kusesa pafupipafupi pa akuya 20 mm kwa lancet (L) ndi axisymmetric otsetsereka AX1-3 mu mpweya, madzi ndi gelatin.Chiwonetsero cha mbali imodzi chikuwonetsedwa.Kuyankha kwafupipafupi (300 kHz chitsanzo cha mlingo) kunasefedwa pang'onopang'ono kenaka kuchepetsedwa ndi 200 kuti muwunike modal.Chiyerekezo cha signal-to-noise ndi \(\le\) 45 dB.Gawo la PTE (mzere wamadontho wofiirira) likuwonetsedwa mu madigiri (\(^{\circ}\)).
Kusanthula kwamayankhidwe a modal kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 10 (kutanthauza ± kupatuka kokhazikika, n = 5) kwa malo otsetsereka a L ndi AX1-3 mumlengalenga, m'madzi, ndi 10% gelatin (kuya 20 mm) okhala ndi (pamwamba) zigawo zitatu zotsika (zotsika). , wapakati, wapamwamba).), ndi ma modali ofananirako\(f_{1-3}\) (kHz), (avareji) mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu\(\mawu {PTE}_{1{-}3 }\) amagwiritsa ntchito ma equation apangidwe.(4) ndi (pansi) ndi m'lifupi mwake wonse pa theka la mtengo woyezera kwambiri \(\mawu {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), motsatana.Zindikirani kuti polemba PTE yotsika, mwachitsanzo, pa malo otsetsereka a AX2, muyeso wa bandiwifi umasiyidwa, \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\).Njira ya \(f_2\) imatengedwa kuti ndiyo yoyenera kwambiri kufananiza kusokonekera kwa ndege zopendekeka, chifukwa zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwamphamvu (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), mpaka 99%.
Dera loyamba la modal: \(f_1\) sizitengera mtundu wa media womwe wayikidwa, koma zimatengera bevel geometry.\(f_1\) imachepa ndi kuchepa kwa kutalika kwa bevel (27.1, 26.2 ndi 25.9 kHz kwa AX1-3, motsatira, mumlengalenga).Miyezo yachigawo \(\mawu {PTE}_{1}\) ndi \(\mawu {FWHM}_{1}\) ndi \(\approx\) 81% ndi 230 Hz motsatana.\(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) inali yochuluka kwambiri mu gelatin kuchokera ku Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Dziwani kuti \(\mawu {FWHM}_{1}\) a AX2 mu gelatin sangathe kuyerekezedwa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mayankho omwe anenedwa pafupipafupi.
Dera lachiwiri la modal: \(f_2\) zimatengera mtundu wa phala ndi media media.Mu mpweya, madzi ndi gelatin, pafupifupi \ (f_2\) mfundo ndi 29.1, 27.9 ndi 28.5 kHz, motero.PTE ya dera ili la modal idafikanso 99%, yomwe ili pamwamba kwambiri pakati pa magulu onse oyezera, ndi pafupifupi 84%.Malo avareji \(\mawu {FWHM}_{2}\) ndi \(\approx\) 910 Hz.
Dera lachitatu la modal: \(f_3\) Mafupipafupi amadalira mtundu wa sing'anga yoyika ndi bevel.Avereji ya \(f_3\) ndi 32.0, 31.0 ndi 31.3 kHz mumpweya, m'madzi ndi gelatin, motsatana.\(\text {PTE}_{3}\) ili ndi avareji ya chigawo cha \(\ pafupifupi\) 74%, yotsika kwambiri kuposa dera lililonse.Avereji yachigawo \(\mawu {FWHM}_{3}\) ndi \(\pafupifupi\) 1085 Hz, omwe ndi apamwamba kuposa chigawo choyamba ndi chachiwiri.
Zotsatirazi zikunena za mkuyu.12 ndi Table 2. Lancet (L) inapotoza kwambiri (ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa nsonga zonse, \ (p<\) 0.017) mumlengalenga ndi madzi (mkuyu 12a), kukwaniritsa DPR yapamwamba (mpaka 220 µm / W mu mlengalenga). 12 ndi Table 2. Lancet (L) inapotoza kwambiri (ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa nsonga zonse, \ (p<\) 0.017) mumlengalenga ndi madzi (mkuyu 12a), kukwaniritsa DPR yapamwamba (mpaka 220 µm / W mu mlengalenga). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 ndi таблице 2. Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (с высокой значимостью для , 7, 7) воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Zotsatirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Chithunzi 12 ndi Table 2. Lancet (L) inasokoneza kwambiri (ndi kufunikira kwakukulu kwa nsonga zonse, \ (p <\) 0.017) mumlengalenga ndi madzi (mkuyu 12a), kukwaniritsa DPR yapamwamba kwambiri.(mpaka 220 μm/W mumlengalenga).Kufotokozera kwapangidwa ku Chithunzi 12 ndi Table 2 pansipa.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中（图12a）中偏转最大（对所有尖端具有高度意义，\(p<\) 0.017 炜最 0.017）高达220 µm/W)柳叶刀(L) ili ndi kupotokola kwakukulu mumlengalenga ndi m'madzi (图12a) (对所述尖端是对尖端是是电影,\(p<\) 0.017), ndipo adapeza DPR yapamwamba kwambiri (mpaka 220 µm/ W mu mlengalenga). Ланцет (L) имеет наибольшее отклонение (весьма значимое для всех наконечников, \(p<\) 0,017) в воздухе и воде (рис. 12) (рис 0 мкм/Вт в воздухе). Lancet (L) ili ndi kupatuka kwakukulu (kofunikira kwambiri kwa nsonga zonse, \ (p <\) 0.017) mumlengalenga ndi madzi (mkuyu 12a), kufika ku DPR yapamwamba kwambiri (mpaka 220 µm / W mumlengalenga). Mumlengalenga, AX1 yomwe inali ndi BL yapamwamba, inapatuka kuposa AX2–3 (ndi tanthauzo, \(p<\) 0.017), pomwe AX3 (yomwe inali ndi BL yotsika kwambiri) idapatuka kuposa AX2 ndi DPR ya 190 µm/W. Mumlengalenga, AX1 yomwe inali ndi BL yapamwamba, inapatuka kuposa AX2–3 (ndi tanthauzo, \(p<\) 0.017), pomwe AX3 (yomwe inali ndi BL yotsika kwambiri) idapatuka kuposa AX2 ndi DPR ya 190 µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самлон , зким BLня ни). X2 pa DPR 190 мкм/Вт. M'mlengalenga, AX1 yokhala ndi BL yapamwamba idapatuka kuposa AX2–3 (ndi tanthauzo \(p<\) 0.017), pomwe AX3 (yokhala ndi BL yotsika kwambiri) idapatuka kuposa AX2 ndi DPR 190 µm/W.在空气中，具有较高BL的AX1 偏转高于AX2-3（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有最D1D 10D 10D 2017） µm/W. Mumlengalenga, kupatuka kwa AX1 yokhala ndi BL yapamwamba ndikwapamwamba kuposa kwa AX2-3 (mofunikira, \(p<\) 0.017), ndipo kutembenuka kwa AX3 (ndi BL yotsika kwambiri) ndikokwera kuposa kwa AX2, DPR ndi 190. µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL ndimeет большее отклонение, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самым BL), AX2 ndi DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Mumlengalenga, AX1 yokhala ndi BL yapamwamba imakhala yopatuka kwambiri kuposa AX2-3 (yofunikira, \(p<\) 0.017), pomwe AX3 (yokhala ndi BL yotsika kwambiri) ili ndi kupatuka kwakukulu kuposa AX2 yokhala ndi DPR ya 190 μm/W. M'madzi pa 20 mm, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu (\(p>\) 0.017) komwe kunapezeka mukupotoza ndi PTE kwa AX1-3. M'madzi pa 20 mm, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu (\(p>\) 0.017) komwe kunapezeka mukupotoza ndi PTE kwa AX1-3. В воде на глубине 20 мм достоверных различий (\(p>\) 0,017) по прогибу и ФТР для AX1–3 не обнаружено. M'madzi akuya mamilimita 20, kusiyana kwakukulu (\(p>\) 0.017) kupotoza ndi FTR kunapezeka kwa AX1-3.在20 mm 的水中，AX1-3 的挠度和PTE 没有显着差异(\(p>\) 0.017). Mu madzi a 20 mm, panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa AX1-3 ndi PTE (\(p>\) 0.017). На глубине 20 мм прогиб and PTE AX1-3 существенно не отличались (\(p>\) 0,017). Pakuya kwa 20 mm kupatuka ndi PTE AX1-3 sikunasiyane kwambiri (\(p>\) 0.017).Miyezo ya PTE m'madzi (90.2-98.4%) nthawi zambiri inali yapamwamba kuposa mpweya (56-77.5%) (mkuyu 12c), ndipo chodabwitsa cha cavitation chinadziwika panthawi yoyesera m'madzi (mkuyu 13, onaninso zowonjezera). chidziwitso).
Miyezo yopindika matalikidwe a nsonga (kutanthauza ± kupatuka kokhazikika, n = 5) kwa ma chamfer a L ndi AX1-3 mumlengalenga ndi m'madzi (kuya 20 mm) adawonetsa zotsatira za kusintha kwa geometry ya chamfer.Miyezo imapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kupitilira kamodzi pafupipafupi sinusoidal excitation.(a) Kupatuka pachimake (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) pa vertex, kuyeza pa (b) ma frequency awo \ (f_2\).(c) Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi (PTE, rms, %) monga equation.(4) ndi (d) Deviation power factor (DPR, µm/W) yowerengedwa ngati kupatuka pachimake ndi kutumizira mphamvu \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Kamera yowoneka bwino ya kamera yothamanga kwambiri yomwe ikuwonetsa kutembenuka kwathunthu kwa nsonga ya lancet (mizere yobiriwira ndi yofiira) ya lancet (L) ndi nsonga ya axisymmetric (AX1-3) m'madzi (kuya 20mm), kuzungulira kwa theka, ma frequency oyendetsa. \ (f_2\) (mafupipafupi 310 kHz sampling).Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha grayscale chili ndi miyeso ya 128 × 128 pixels ndi kukula kwa pixel ya \(\ pafupifupi) 5 µm.Kanema angapezeke mu zina zambiri.
Choncho, tinatengera kusintha kwa kupindika kwa kutalika kwa mafunde (mkuyu. 7) ndikuwerengera kayendedwe ka makina kuti tisamutse lanceolate, asymmetric, ndi axial osakaniza kutalika kwa chubu ndi bevel (mkuyu 8, 9).Symmetrical beveled geometry.Kutengera zotsirizirazi, tidayerekeza mtunda wabwino kwambiri wowotcherera ndi 43 mm (kapena \(\ pafupifupi\) 2.75\(\lambda_y\) pa 29.75 kHz) monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 5, ndikupanga ma bevel atatu a axisymmetric okhala ndi utali wosiyanasiyana wa bevel.Kenako tidawonetsa mayankho awo pafupipafupi poyerekeza ndi ma lancets wamba mumlengalenga, m'madzi, ndi 10% (w / v) ballistic gelatin (Zithunzi 10, 11) ndikusankha njira yabwino kwambiri yofananizira njira yokhotakhota.Pomaliza, tinayeza kupotokola kwa nsonga mwa kupinda mafunde mumlengalenga ndi m'madzi akuya kwa mamilimita 20 ndikuwerengera mphamvu yotengera mphamvu (PTE, %) ndi deflection power factor (DPR, µm/W) ya sing'anga yobadwirayo pamapendekedwe aliwonse.mtundu (mkuyu 12).
Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kupendekeka kwa geometry kumakhudza kupatuka kwa matalikidwe a nsonga ya nsonga.Lancet inali yopindika kwambiri komanso DPR yapamwamba kwambiri poyerekeza ndi bevel ya axisymmetric, pomwe bevel ya axisymmetric inali ndi njira yaying'ono yopatuka (mkuyu 12). Axi-symmetric 4 mm bevel (AX1) yokhala ndi kutalika kwa bevel yayitali kwambiri, yofikira pakupatuka kwakukulu kwambiri mumlengalenga (\(p <0.017\), Gulu 2), poyerekeza ndi singano za axi-symmetric (AX2-3), koma palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa, pamene singanoyo inayikidwa m'madzi. Axi-symmetric 4 mm bevel (AX1) yokhala ndi kutalika kwa bevel yayitali kwambiri, yofikira pakupatuka kwakukulu kwambiri mumlengalenga (\(p <0.017\), Gulu 2), poyerekeza ndi singano za axi-symmetric (AX2-3), koma palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa, pamene singanoyo inayikidwa m'madzi. Осесимметричный скос 4 мм (AX1), ndimeющий наибольшую длину скоса, достиг статистически значимого наибольшего отклонения отклонения отклонения отклонения в 0, отклонения в 0, 2 внению с другими осесимметричными иглами (AX2–3). Axisymmetric bevel 4 mm (AX1), yokhala ndi utali wautali kwambiri wa bevel, idafika pakupatuka kwakukulu mumlengalenga (\(p <0.017\), Gulu 2) poyerekeza ndi singano zina za axisymmetric (AX2–3).koma kusiyana kwakukulu sikunawoneke poyika singano m'madzi.与其他轴对称针(AX2-3) 相比，具有最长斜角长度的轴对称4 mm 斜角(AX1) 在空气中实玲(\(p <0.017\),表2)，但当将针头放入水中时，没有观察到显着差异. Poyerekeza ndi singano zina za axially symmetric (AX2-3), ili ndi ngodya yayitali kwambiri ya 4 mm axially symmetrical (AX1) mumlengalenga, ndipo yakwanitsa kupotoza kwambiri (\(p <0.017\), Gulu 2) , koma singanoyo itayikidwa m’madzi, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kunawonedwa. Осесимметричный скос 4 мм (AX1) с наибольшей длиной скоса обеспечивает статистически значимое максимальное отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение в воздушей ыми иглами (AX2-3) (\(p < 0,017\), таблица 2), но существенной разницы не было. Malo otsetsereka a axisymmetric okhala ndi utali wotsetsereka wa 4 mm (AX1) adapereka kupatuka kofunikira kwambiri mumlengalenga poyerekeza ndi malo ena otsetsereka (AX2-3) (\(p <0.017\), Gulu 2), koma panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu.imawonedwa pamene singano imayikidwa m'madzi.Chifukwa chake, kutalika kwa bevel kulibe maubwino odziwikiratu potengera kusokonekera kwa nsonga zapamwamba.Poganizira izi, zikuwoneka kuti malo otsetsereka a geometry, omwe amafufuzidwa mu phunziroli, ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa kupatuka kwa matalikidwe kuposa kutalika kwa mtunda.Izi zitha kukhala zokhudzana ndi kuuma kopindika, mwachitsanzo, kutengera zinthu zomwe zikupindika komanso makulidwe onse a singano yomanga.
M'maphunziro oyesera, kukula kwa mawonekedwe a flexural wave kumakhudzidwa ndi malire a nsonga.Pamene nsonga ya singano idayikidwa m'madzi ndi gelatin, \(\mawu {PTE}_{2}\) pafupifupi \(\ pafupifupi\) 95% ndi \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) amawerengera mtengowo. ndi 73% ndi 77% (\ zolemba {PTE}_{1}\) ndi \(\ zolemba {PTE}_{3}\), motsatana (mkuyu 11).Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kusamutsidwa kwakukulu kwa mphamvu yamayimbidwe kupita kumalo oponyera (mwachitsanzo, madzi kapena gelatin) kumachitika pa \ (f_2\).Khalidwe lofananiralo lidawonedwa mu kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta zapafupipafupi za 41-43 kHz, pomwe olemba adawonetsa mphamvu yowunikira magetsi yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi makina amakina a sing'anga yolumikizana.Kuzama kolowera32 ndi mawonekedwe amakina a minofuyo amapereka katundu wamakina pa singano ndipo chifukwa chake akuyembekezeka kukhudza machitidwe a UZeFNAB.Chifukwa chake, ma aligorivimu otsata resonance monga 17, 18, 33 atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhathamiritsa mphamvu yamawu yoperekedwa kudzera pa cholembera.
Bend wavelength modeling (mkuyu 7) amasonyeza kuti axisymmetric ali ndi kuuma kwapamwamba kwapangidwe (ie kuuma kwapamwamba kopindika) pansonga kuposa lancet ndi asymmetric bevel.Kuchokera ku (1) ndikugwiritsa ntchito ubale wodziwika wa liwiro la pafupipafupi, timayerekeza kuuma kopindika kwa lancet, nsonga za asymmetric ndi axisymmetric monga otsetsereka \ (\ pafupifupi) 200, 20 ndi 1500 MPa, motsatana.Izi zikufanana ndi (\ lambda _y\) 5.3, 1.7 ndi 14.2 mm pa 29.75 kHz, motero (Mkuyu 7a-c).Poganizira zachitetezo chachipatala cha njira ya USeFNAB, chikoka cha geometry pa kuuma kwa kapangidwe ka bevel kuyenera kuwunikidwa34.
Kafukufuku wa magawo a bevel ndi kutalika kwa chubu (mkuyu 9) anasonyeza kuti mulingo woyenera kwambiri TL osiyanasiyana kwa asymmetric (1.8 mm) anali apamwamba kuposa axisymmetric bevel (1.3 mm).Kuonjezera apo, mapiri oyendayenda amachokera ku 4 mpaka 4.5 mm ndi 6 mpaka 7 mm kwa asymmetric ndi axisymmetric tilt, motero (mkuyu 9a, b).Kufunika kwazomwe zapezedwaku kumawonetsedwa pakulolera kwapakupanga, mwachitsanzo, kutsika kocheperako kwa TL koyenera kungatanthauze kufunikira kolondola kwautali.Pa nthawi yomweyi, nsanja yokolola imapereka kulekerera kwakukulu kwa kusankha kwa otsetsereka kutalika kwafupipafupi popanda kukhudza kwambiri zokolola.
Phunziroli likuphatikizapo zolephera zotsatirazi.Kuyeza kwachindunji kwa kupatuka kwa singano pogwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira m'mphepete ndi kujambula mothamanga kwambiri (Chithunzi 12) kumatanthauza kuti timangokhala ndi zinthu zowonekera bwino monga mpweya ndi madzi.Tikufunanso kunena kuti sitinagwiritse ntchito zoyesera kuyesa kusuntha kofananira komanso mosiyana, koma tinagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro a FEM kuti tidziwe kutalika kwa singano yopangidwa.Kuchokera pakuwona zoperewera, kutalika kwa lancet kuchokera kunsonga kupita kumanja ndi 0.4 cm kutalika kuposa singano zina (AX1-3), onani mkuyu.3b .Izi zitha kukhudza kuyankha kwa modal kwa kapangidwe ka acicular.Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa ma waveguide lead solder (onani Chithunzi 3) zingakhudze kusokoneza kwa makina a kamangidwe ka pini, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika pakuwonongeka kwamakina ndi machitidwe opindika.
Pomaliza, tawonetsa moyesera kuti bevel geometry imakhudza kuchuluka kwapatuka mu USeFNAB.M'malo omwe matalikidwe apamwamba amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamatenda a singano pa minofu, mwachitsanzo, kudula bwino pambuyo pa puncture, lancet wamba ikhoza kulangizidwa kwa USeFNAB, chifukwa imapereka matalikidwe apamwamba kwambiri ndikusunga kukhazikika kokwanira. pa nsonga ya mapangidwe.Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku waposachedwa wawonetsa kuti kupotoza kwambiri nsonga kumatha kukulitsa zotsatira zachilengedwe monga cavitation, zomwe zingathandize kupanga mapulogalamu opangira maopaleshoni ochepa.Poganizira kuti kuwonjezereka kwamphamvu kwamayimbidwe kwawonetsedwa kuti kumawonjezera zokolola za biopsy kuchokera ku USeFNAB13, maphunziro owonjezera a zokolola zachitsanzo ndi mtundu wake amafunikira kuti awone phindu lazachipatala la geometry ya singano yophunziridwa.
Frable, WJ Fine needle aspiration biopsy: ndemanga.Humph.Odwala.14:9-28 .https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(83)80042-2 (1983).
Nthawi yotumiza: Oct-13-2022