i-engile bead

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwamandla angahlawulelwayo angaphezulu kunye namandla angaphezulu?Kuhlalutyo lokugqibela, lo ngumbuzo wesemantic kuphela.Amandla asimahla avela kumphezulu ngamandla asimahla kwindawo ethile (umphezulu wezinto).Ngengqiqo ecocekileyo ye-thermodynamics, amandla amahhala abhekisela kumandla angasetyenziselwa ukusebenza, kubangela iziphumo, kwaye enze into eyenzekayo.Amandla asimahla angaphezulu anxulumene namandla anokwenziwa kumphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo.
Kubavelisi kunye naye nabani na obandakanyekayo ekuncamatheleni, ekucoceni, ekudibaneni, ekuhonjisweni, kwii-inki nakwimizobo yepeyinti, ukutywinwa, okanye nayiphi na enye inkqubo ebandakanya ukusebenzelana komphezulu neminye imiphezulu okanye okusingqongileyo, amandla asimahla angaphezulu ahlala efinyeziwe ukuze abe ngamandla angaphezulu.
Imiphezulu ibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkqubo ezidweliswe ngasentla, kwaye nokuba zinefuthe elithe ngqo ekusebenzeni kwabavelisi beemveliso kuwo onke amashishini, zihlala zingalingani kwaye ngoko azilawulwa.
Ukulawula umphezulu kwimveliso kubhekiselele ekulawuleni amandla angaphezulu ezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Umphezulu uqulunqwe ziimolekyuli ezisebenzisana neekhemikhali kunye neemolekyuli ezenza umphezulu wezinye izinto ezidibana nazo.Ukuze utshintshe amandla angaphezulu, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba ezo molekyuli ziyakwazi ukususwa ngokucoca kunye nonyango, zitshintshwe okanye zisetyenziswe ngenye indlela ukuvelisa amanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla angaphezulu kunye nokufezekisa iziphumo ezifunwayo.Ukuze kulawulwe amandla angaphezulu, kufuneka kulinganiswe kuyo yonke inkqubo yokutshintsha i-surface chemistry ukumisela ukuba nini kwaye kangakanani.Ngale ndlela, inani elichanekileyo lamandla ayimfuneko angaphezulu linokufumaneka ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngexesha lokubambelela okanye inkqubo yokucoca.
Ukuqonda indlela iimolekyuli zenza ngayo umsebenzi wokwakha amabhondi aqinileyo kunye nokucoca imiphezulu yemichiza, kufuneka siqonde umtsalane otsala iimolekyuli kunye nokwenza amandla ewonke asimahla omgangatho okhoyo.
Xa sithetha ngamandla omphezulu, sithetha ngokukwazi kwalo mphezulu ukwenza umsebenzi.Ngokoqobo, oku kukukwazi komphezulu ukuhambisa iimolekyuli-le ntshukumo ifuna amandla.Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba umphezulu kunye neemolekyuli ezenza umphezulu ziyafana.Ngaphandle kweemolekyuli, akukho mphezulu.Ukuba akukho mandla, ezi molekyuli azikwazi ukugqiba umsebenzi we-adsorbing kwi-adhesive, ngoko akukho kudibanisa.
Ngoko ke, umsebenzi uhambelana ngokuthe ngqo namandla.Umsebenzi omninzi ufuna amandla angakumbi.Ngaphezu koko, ukuba unamandla amaninzi, umsebenzi wakho uya kwanda.Ubuchule bemolekyuli bokusebenza buvela kumtsalane wayo kwezinye iimolekyuli.La mandla anomtsalane avela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo apho iimolekyuli zidibana khona.
Ngokusisiseko, iimolekyuli zisebenzisana ngenxa yokuba zineemolekyuli ezihlawuliswa kakuhle kwaye zibi, kwaye zitsala iintlawulo ezichaseneyo phakathi kweemolekyuli.Ilifu leelektroni lidada kwimolekyuli.Ngenxa yezi electron ezihamba rhoqo, i-molecule inentlawulo eguquguqukayo kwi-molecule yendawo enikiweyo.Ukuba zonke iimolekyuli zinexabiso elifanayo elizijikelezileyo, akukho zimolekyuli ziya kutsala enye kwenye.Khawufane ucinge iibheringi ezimbini zebhola, ibhola ngalinye linokuhanjiswa okufanayo kwee-electron kumphezulu wayo.Nabo abasayi kutsalelana kuba bobabini banentlawulo embi kwaye akukho ntlawulo intle inokutsaleka.
Ngethamsanqa, kwihlabathi lokwenyani, la mafu e-elektroniki ahlala eshukuma, kwaye kukho iindawo ezinentlawulo entle okanye engalunganga nangawuphi na umzuzu.Ukuba uneemolekyuli ezimbini ezineelektroni ezihlawuliswa ngokungenamkhethe ezizijikelezileyo nangaliphi na ixesha, ziya kuba nomtsalane omncinci phakathi kwazo.Amandla eveliswa kukwabiwa kwakhona okungacwangciswanga kweentlawulo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga kwilifu le-electron ejikeleze i-molecule ibizwa ngokuba yi-dispersion force.
La mandla abuthathaka kakhulu.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi isakhiwo okanye ukubunjwa kwe-molecule, kukho amandla okusasazwa phakathi kwazo zonke iiamolekyu, ezichasene ngokuthe ngqo namandla e-polar eyenziwa yisakhiwo se-molecule.
Ngokomzekelo, amandla okusasazwa kuphela kwamandla akhoyo phakathi kweeathomu zenitrogen.Kwiqondo lokushisa kwegumbi, i-nitrogen luhlobo lwegesi, kuba amandla okusasaza abuthathaka kakhulu, akakwazi ukuxhathisa i-thermal vibration nakwiqondo lokushisa eliphakathi, kwaye ayikwazi ukubamba i-molecule ye-nitrogen kunye.Kuphela kuxa sisusa phantse onke amandla obushushu ngokuyipholisa ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-195°C apho initrogen iba lulwelo.Xa amandla e-thermal ancitshiswe ngokwaneleyo, amandla okusasazwa abuthathaka anokoyisa ukungcangcazela kwe-thermal kwaye atsale iimolekyuli zenitrogen kunye zenze ulwelo.
Ukuba sijonga amanzi, ubungakanani bemolekyuli kunye nobunzima bayo bufana ne-nitrogen, kodwa ukwakheka kunye nokwakheka kweemolekyuli zamanzi zahlukile kwezo zenitrogen.Ekubeni amanzi imolekyuli yepolar kakhulu, iimolekyuli ziya kutsalelana ngamandla, kwaye amanzi aya kuhlala emanzi de ubushushu bamanzi bunyuke ngaphezu kwe-100 ° C.Kulo bushushu, amandla obushushu ahlula i-molecular Ngemikhosi ye-polar ebanjelwe kunye, amanzi aba yigesi.
Inqaku eliphambili lokuqonda ngumahluko kumandla phakathi kwamandla okusabalalisa kunye ne-polar force ekhanga iimolekyuli komnye nomnye.Xa sithetha ngamandla angaphezulu avelisiweyo ngala mandla anomtsalane, nceda ugcine oku engqondweni.
Amandla asasaziweyo angaphezulu ayinxalenye yamandla angaphezulu, aveliswa kukusasazwa kwamafu eelektroni kwiimolekyuli kumphezulu wento.Amandla angaphezulu komhlaba yimbonakaliso ekhangayo yokutsalwa kweemolekyuli komnye nomnye.Amandla asasaziweyo angaphezulu ayinxalenye yamandla ewonke, nokuba abuthathaka kwaye aguqukayo.
Kwiimathiriyeli ezahlukeneyo, amandla omhlaba ahlakaziweyo ahlukile.Iipholima ezinevumba elimnandi (ezifana ne-polystyrene) zineringi ezininzi zebenzene kunye nezinto ezisasaza amandla ngaphezulu komhlaba.Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yokuba ziqulethe inani elikhulu leeheteroatom (ezifana neklorini), i-PVC ikwanayo nenxalenye yamandla asasazeke phezu komhlaba kuwo wonke amandla awo angaphezulu.
Ngoko ke, indima yamandla okusasazwa kwindlela yokuvelisa ixhomekeke kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.Noko ke, ekubeni amandla okusasaza engaxhomekekanga kwimolekyuli ethile, indlela yokulawula ilinganiselwe kakhulu.
Ukusebenzisana kokuphambuka kwe-electron esasazekileyo esekelwe koku kuguquka akukuphela kwendlela yokuba iimolekyuli zidibanise omnye nomnye.Ngenxa yeempawu ezithile zesakhiwo ezenza ezinye izinto ezikhangayo phakathi kweeamolekyu, iimolekyuli zinokusebenzisana nezinye iimolekyuli.Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwahlula le minye imikhosi, efana nokusebenzisana kwe-acid-base, apho iimolekyuli zisebenzisana ngokukwazi ukwamkela okanye ukunikela ngee-electron.
Ezinye iimolekyuli zineempawu zesakhiwo ezivelisa i-dipoles engapheliyo, oku kuthetha ukuba, ukongeza kwi-random dispersion ye-electrons ejikeleze i-molecule, ezinye iinxalenye ze-molecule zihlala zilungile okanye zingalunganga kunabanye.Ezi dipoles ezisisigxina zinomtsalane ngakumbi kunonxibelelwano olusasazekayo.
Ngenxa yokwakheka kwazo, ezinye iimolekyuli zineendawo ezihlawuliswa ngokusisigxina ezinokuthi zihlawuliswe kakuhle okanye kakubi.Amandla angaphezulu komhlaba yinxalenye yamandla angaphezulu, abangelwa kukutsalwa kwezi ntlawulo phakathi kweemolekyuli.
Singakwazi ukugxininisa ngokulula zonke intsebenziswano ezingabonakaliyo phantsi kokhuseleko lokusebenzisana kwe-polar.
Iipropati zokusasazwa kwe-molecule ngumsebenzi wobungakanani be-molecule, ngakumbi ukuba zininzi kangakanani ii-electron kunye neeproton ezikhoyo.Asinalo ulawulo oluninzi kwinani leelektroni kunye neeproton, ezithintela amandla ethu okulawula icandelo lokusasazwa kwamandla angaphezulu.
Nangona kunjalo, icandelo le-polar lixhomekeke kwindawo yeeproton kunye nee-electron-imilo ye-molecule.Sinokutshintsha ukuhanjiswa kwee-electron kunye neeproton ngokusebenzisa iindlela zonyango ezifana nonyango lwe-corona kunye nonyango lwe-plasma.Oku kufana nendlela esinokuyitshintsha ngayo imilo yebhloko yodongwe, kodwa iya kuhlala igcina umgangatho ofanayo.
Amandla encam yomhlaba abaluleke kakhulu kuba ayinxalenye yamandla angaphezulu esiwalawulayo xa sisenza unyango olungaphezulu.Umtsalane we-Dipole-dipole yimbangela yokubambelela ngamandla phakathi kwezinto ezininzi zokuncamathelisa, iipeyinti kunye neenki kunye neendawo.Ngokucocwa, unyango lomlilo, unyango lwe-corona, unyango lwe-plasma okanye naluphi na olunye uhlobo lonyango lomphezulu, sinokwandisa ngokusisiseko icandelo le-polar lamandla angaphezulu, ngaloo ndlela siphucula ukunamathela.
Ngokusebenzisa icala elinye le-IPA yosula kabini kumphezulu omnye, kuphela izinto ezisezantsi zamandla ezinokwaziswa kumphezulu ukunciphisa ngokungeyonjongo icandelo le-polar lamandla angaphezulu.Ukongezelela, umphezulu unokuthi uphathwe ngokugqithiseleyo, oguqukayo kwaye unciphise amandla angaphezulu.Xa umphezulu ungaveliswanga konke konke, inxalenye yepolar yamandla angaphezulu nayo iya kutshintsha.Indawo yokugcina ecocekileyo itsala iimolekyuli kwindawo, kubandakanywa izinto zokupakisha.Oku kutshintsha imo yemolekyuli yomphezulu kwaye kunokunciphisa amandla angaphezulu.
Asinakukwazi ukulawula ubungakanani bokusasazwa.Le mikhosi igxininiswe ngokusisiseko, kwaye akukho xabiso elincinci ekuzameni ukuguqula amandla okusasazwa njengendlela yokulawula umgangatho womhlaba ukufezekisa ukubambelela okuthembekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa.
Xa siyila okanye silungisa umphezulu, siyila iipropati zecandelo le-polar lamandla angaphezulu.Ngoko ke, ukuba sifuna ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yonyango yomgangatho wokulawula umgangatho wezinto eziphathekayo, ngoko sifuna ukulawula ukubunjwa kwe-polar ebusweni.
Umphezulu wamandla asimahla sisimbuku sawo onke amandla asebenza phakathi kweemolekyuli.Kukho iifomyula zamandla asimahla angaphezulu.Ukuba sithatha isigqibo sokuphatha yonke imikhosi engabonakaliyo njengamandla e-polar, ukubalwa kwamandla angaphandle akhululekile kulula.Ifomula yile:
Ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezithembekileyo, unyango oluphezulu, ukucocwa kunye nokulungiswa, amandla angaphandle akhululekile afana namandla angaphezulu.
Ngenxa yeemfuno zemveliso ezibandakanyekayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokusebenza kokuncamathela komdibaniso, ukuncamathela okufanelekileyo kwe-inki kwiplastiki okanye ukusebenza kokugquma kwengubo “yokuzicoca” kwiscreen se-smartphone, zonke zixhomekeke kulawulo. yeempawu zomphezulu.Ngoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda amandla angaphezulu njengesiphumo sombono wokuvelisa.
Amandla angaphezulu avela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo apho iimolekyuli zitsala enye kwenye.Ukusebenzisana kwe-polar phakathi kweamolekyu yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-adhesion kunye nenkqubo yokucoca, kuba le ntsebenziswano ye-molecular-level ye-molecular interactions sinokuyilawula kakhulu ngonyango lomphezulu, ukugaya, ukuhlamba, ukucoca, ukusula okanye nayiphi na enye indlela yokulungisa umphezulu.
Ulwazi lwe-polarity kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-dispersion kunye noxinzelelo lomphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhliseni i-adhesives, ii-inki kunye neengubo.Nangona kunjalo, kwiimveliso eziveliswa ngokusebenzisa i-adhesives, ii-inki, iipeyinti kunye neengubo, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kwinxalenye ye-polar yamandla angaphezulu, kuba yinto echaphazelekayo yinkqubo yokuvelisa.
Ukulinganisa amandla ewonke aphezu komhlaba yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kwaye ineempazamo.Nangona kunjalo, i-engile yoqhagamshelwano yolwelo olunye njengamanzi iphantse igqitywe ngokupheleleyo licandelo le-polar lamandla angaphezulu.Ngoko ke, ngokulinganisa i-engile eveliswa bubude bethontsi lamanzi phezu komhlaba, sinokuyazi ngokuchane okumangalisayo indlela inxalenye yencam yomhlaba etshintsha ngayo amandla angaphezulu.Ngokubanzi, okukhona uphezulu amandla omphezulu, kokukhona incinci i-engile ebangelwa ngamathontsi amanzi atsalelekayo kwaye asasazeke okanye amanzi.Amandla angaphantsi komhlaba aya kubangela ukuba amanzi abe ngamaso kwaye ashwabane abe ngamaqamza amancinci kumphezulu, enze i-engile enkulu yokudibanisa.Ukuhambelana kolu mlinganiso we-angle yoqhagamshelwano kuhambelana namandla angaphezulu kwaye ngoko ke ukusebenza kokubambelela, okubonelela abavelisi ngendlela ethembekileyo neyiphindaphindayo yokuqinisekisa amandla emveliso yabo.
Ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nokulawula inkqubo yokuvelisa ukufumana iziphumo ezinokuqikelelwa ngakumbi, khuphela i-e-book yethu yasimahla: Qinisekisa ukubambelela okuqikelelweyo kwimveliso ngenkqubo.Le-e-book sisikhokelo sakho sokwenza umsebenzi wokubeka iliso usebenzisa i-predictive analytics, inkqubo esusa yonke intelekelelo malunga nokugcina umgangatho womphezulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yokudibanisa.