Enkosi ngokundwendwela i-Nature.com.Inguqulelo yesikhangeli oyisebenzisayo inenkxaso enyiniweyo yeCSS.Ngowona mava angcono, sicebisa ukuba usebenzise isikhangeli esihlaziyiweyo (okanye uvale iModi yokuThelela kwi-Internet Explorer).Okwangoku, ukuqinisekisa inkxaso eqhubekayo, siya kunika isayithi ngaphandle kwezitayela kunye neJavaScript.
Kutshanje kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-ultrasound kwandisa isivuno sezicubu kwi-ultrasound-assisted finele aspiration aspiration (USeFNAB) xa kuthelekiswa nomnqweno wenaliti eqhelekileyo (FNAB).Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-bevel geometry kunye ne-tip movement ayizange ifundwe kakuhle.Kolu phononongo, siphande iipropathi zenaliti yeresonance kunye ne-deflection amplitude yeejiyometri zeenaliti zenaliti ezinobude obahlukeneyo be-bevel.Ukusebenzisa i-lancet eqhelekileyo eyi-3.9 mm, i-tip deflection power factor (DPR) emoyeni nasemanzini yayingama-220 kunye ne-105 µm/W, ngokulandelelanayo.Oku kuphezulu kune-axisymmetric ye-4mm beveled incam, ibonelela nge-180 kunye ne-80 µm/W DPR emoyeni nasemanzini, ngokulandelelanayo.Olu pho nonongo lubonisa ukubaluleka kobudlelwane phakathi kokuqina kokugoba kwejometri ye-bevel kumxholo weendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka, kwaye ngoko kunokubonelela ngengqiqo kwiindlela zokulawula isenzo sokusika emva kokubhoboza ngokutshintsha inaliti yejometri ye-bevel, ebalulekileyo.kwisicelo se-USeFNAB sibalulekile.
I-fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) yindlela yokufumana iisampulu zethishu ze-pathology ekrokrelwayo1,2,3 kusetyenziswa inaliti.Ingcebiso yeFranseen ibonakaliswe ukuba ibonelela ngokusebenza okuphezulu kokuxilonga kuneengcebiso eziqhelekileyo ze-lancet4 kunye ne-Menghini5.Amathambeka e-Axisymmetric (okt circumferential) nawo ayacetyiswa ukuba kwandiswe ukubakho kwesampulu ezaneleyo ngokwe-histopathologically.
Ngexesha le-biopsy, inaliti idlula kumaleko esikhumba kunye nezicubu ukuze ifikelele kwizilonda ezikrokrelekayo.Uphando olutshanje luye lwabonisa ukuba i-ultrasound inokunciphisa amandla okungena afunekayo ukufikelela kwizicubu ezithambileyo7,8,9,10.Inaliti ye-geometry ye-needle ibonakaliswe ukuba ichaphazele amandla okubambisana kweenaliti, umzekelo, ii-bevels ezide zibonakaliswe ukuba zineempembelelo eziphantsi zokungena kwezicubu11.Emva kokuba inaliti ingene kumphezulu we-tissue, oko kukuthi emva kokuhlatywa, amandla okusika yenaliti anokuba ngama-75% amandla okusebenzisana kwenaliti kunye ne-tissue12.Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba kwisigaba se-post-puncture, i-ultrasound (i-ultrasound) ikwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-diagnostic soft tissue biopsy.Olunye ubuchule be-bone biopsy obuphuculweyo be-ultrasound buphuhliselwe ukuthatha iisampulu zezicubu ezinzima, kodwa akukho ziphumo zichaziweyo eziphucula isivuno se-biopsy.Izifundo ezininzi ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba ukunyuka koomatshini kunyuka xa kuphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-ultrasonic16,17,18.Nangona kukho izifundo ezininzi kwi-axial (longitudinal) imikhosi ye-static kwi-needle-tissue interactions19,20, kukho izifundo ezilinganiselweyo kwi-dynamics yesikhashana kunye nejometri ye-bevel yenaliti phantsi kwe-ultrasonic FNAB (USeFNAB).
Injongo yolu phononongo yayikukuphanda ifuthe leejiometri ezahlukeneyo zebevel ekuhambeni kwencam yenaliti kwinaliti eqhutywa kukugoba kwe-ultrasonic.Ngokukodwa, siye saphanda ifuthe lenaliti ephakathi kwincapha yenaliti emva kokuhlatywa kweebevels yenaliti yesintu (okt, iinaliti ze-USeFNAB ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo ezinjengokufuna ukukhetha okanye ukufumana izicubu ezithambileyo.
Iijiyometri ezahlukeneyo zebevel zibandakanyiwe kolu phononongo.(a) Iinkcukacha zeLancet zithobela ISO 7864:201636 apho \(\ alpha\) yibevel ephambili, \(\theta\) yi-engile yokujikeleza yebevel yesibini, kwaye \(\phi\) yibevel yesibini. i-engile., xa ujikeleza, ngokwezidanga (\(^\circ\)).(b) I-linear asymmetrical single step chamfers (ebizwa ngokuthi "standard" kwi-DIN 13097: 201937) kunye (c) ne-Linear axisymmetric (circumferential) i-chamfers yesinyathelo esisodwa.
Indlela yethu iqala ngokwenza imodeli yotshintsho lokugoba ubude be-wavevel ecaleni kwe-bevel ye-lancet eqhelekileyo, i-axisymmetric, kunye ne-asymmetric yenqanaba elinye le-bevel geometries.Emva koko sibala uphononongo lweparametric ukujonga umphumo wethambeka lombhobho kunye nobude kwi-mechanical fluidity yokudluliselwa.Oku kuyimfuneko ukumisela ubude obufanelekileyo bokwenza inaliti yeprototype.Ngokusekwe kumlinganiso, iiprototypes zeenaliti zenziwe kwaye ukuziphatha kwazo okuguquguqukayo kwaphawulwa ngovavanyo lokulinganisa i-voltage reflection coefficients kunye nokubala ukuhanjiswa kwamandla okusebenza kakuhle emoyeni, emanzini kunye ne-10% (w/v) ye-gelatin ye-ballistic, apho kugqitywe ukuphindaphindwa kokusebenza. .Ekugqibeleni, ukucinga ngesantya esiphezulu kusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuphambuka kwe-wave egoba kwincam yenaliti emoyeni nasemanzini, kunye nokuqikelela amandla ombane anikezelweyo kwi-angle nganye ye-oblique kunye nejometri yomlinganiselo wamandla wokuphambuka ( DPR) ukuya kwindawo etofwayo..
Njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 2a, sebenzisa ityhubhu ye-gauge ye-21 (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, ubukhulu bodonga lwe-tube 0.155 mm, udonga oluqhelekileyo) ukuchaza ityhubhu yenaliti kunye nobude be-tube (TL) kunye ne-bevel angle (BL) ngokuhambelana ne-ISO. 9626: 201621) kwi-316 insimbi engenasici (i-Young's modulus 205 \ (\ umbhalo {GN / m} ^ {2}\), ubuninzi be-8070 kg / m \ (^ {3} \) kunye ne-Poisson's ratio 0.275).
Ukumiselwa kobude obugobayo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemodeli yento ephelelisiweyo (FEM) yeenaliti kunye neemeko zomda.(a) Ukumiselwa kobude be-bevel (BL) kunye nobude bombhobho (TL).(b) Imodeli yesixhobo esine-3-dimensional ezintathu (3D) (FEM) kusetyenziswa amandla e-harmonic point \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\) ukuqhuba inaliti kufutshane, ukuphambukisa indawo, kunye nokulinganisa isantya ingcebiso (\ ( \ tilde {u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) ukubala ukuhanjiswa kolwelo lomatshini.\(\lambda _y\) ichazwa njengobude obugobayo ngokunxulumene namandla athe nkqo \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Iinkcazelo zombindi womxhuzulane, indawo enqamlezileyo A, kunye nemizuzu ye-inertia \(I_{xx}\) kunye \(I_{yy}\) ejikeleze i-x kunye no-y axes, ngokulandelelanayo.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig.I-2b, c, i-infinite (engenasiphelo) i-beam ene-cross-sectional area A kunye ne-wavelength enkulu kune-beam ye-cross-sectional size, i-bent (okanye egobileyo) yesigaba sesantya \( c_{EI }\) igqitywe ngu-22 :
apho u-E yimodyuli kaLutsha (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) yimvuselelo ye-angular frequency (rad/s), apho \( f_0 \ ) ngumgca wefrequency (1/s okanye Hz), ndingumzuzu we-inertia yendawo ejikeleze i-axis yomdla\((\text {m}^{4})\), \(m'=\ rho _0 A\ ) bubunzima kubude beyunithi (kg/m), apho \(\rho _0\) kukuxinana\((\text {kg/m}^{3})\) kunye no-A ngumnqamlezo icandelo lendawo yomqadi (xy plane) (\(\ text {m}^{2}\)).Ekubeni amandla asetyenziswayo kumzekelo wethu angqamane nomgca ongu-y-ethe nkqo, okt \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), sinomdla kuphela kumzuzu wommandla we-inertia ejikeleze i-axis ethe tye x, oko kukuthi \(I_{xx}\), ngoko:
Kwimodeli yesiqalelo esinesiphelo (FEM), i-harmonic displacement esulungekileyo (m) ithathwa, ngoko ke ukukhawulezisa (\(\text {m/s}^{2}\)) kubonakaliswa njenge \(\ partial ^2 \vec {u}/ \ ngokuyinxenye t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\) njenge \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t): = u_x\vec {i} + u_y\ vec {j } + u_z\vec {k}\) yivektha yokufuduka ene-dimensional-ntathu enikwe kulungelelwaniso lwesithuba.Endaweni yale yokugqibela, ngokuhambelana nokuphunyezwa kwayo kwi-software ye-COMSOL Multiphysics package (iinguqulelo 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), i-deformation eguqukileyo ifom yeLagrangian yomthetho we-balance balance inikwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
apho \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \inxenye {\inxenye z}\vec {k}\) ngumqhubi we-tensor divergence, \({\ underline{\sigma}}\) ngowesibini uPiola-Kirchhoff woxinzelelo lwe tensor (umyalelo wesibini, \(\ umbhalo { N/ m}^{2}\)) kunye \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec {k} \) yivektha yonyanzeliso lomzimba (\(\text {N/m}^{3}\)) kumthamo ngamnye owonakeleyo, kwaye \(e^{j\phi }\) yi-engile yesigaba ivector\(\ phi \ ) ( ndiyavuya).Kwimeko yethu, amandla omthamo womzimba ngu-zero, imodeli yethu ithatha umgca wejometri kunye ne-deformation encinci ye-elastic, oko kukuthi, apho \({\ underline{\ varepsilon}} ^ {el}\) kunye \({\ underline {\varepsilon}}\) i-elastic strain kunye ne-strain epheleleyo (i-odolo yesibini, i-dimensionless), ngokulandelanayo.I-Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \(\underline{\underline{C}}\) ibalwa kusetyenziswa imodyuli kaYoung's E (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)) kunye ne-Poisson's ratio v imiselwe, ngoko ke okt. \(\ krwela umgca{\ krwela umgca ngaphantsi{C}}:=\ krwelela {\ krwela umgca {C}} (E, v)\) (ulandelelwano lwesine).Ngoko ke ubalo loxinzelelo luba \({\ underline{\sigma}} := \underline{\ underline{C}}:{\ underline{\varepsilon}}\).
Ubalo lusebenzisa i-10-node tetrahedral element enobungakanani be element \(\le\) ye-8 µm.Inaliti ibonakaliswe kwi-vacuum, kwaye ixabiso lokuhanjiswa komatshini (ms-1 N-1) ichazwa njenge \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec { j}|/ |\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, apho \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) yimveliso yesantya entsonkothileyo yesixhobo sesandla kunye \( \ tilde {F}_y\ vec {j}\) ngumbane onzima wokuqhuba obekwe ekupheleni kombhobho, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2b.Guqulela ulwelo lomatshini kwiidecibels (dB) usebenzisa elona xabiso likhulu njengesalathiso, okt \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}|) \ ) .Zonke izifundo ze-FEM zenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwe-29.75 kHz.
Uyilo lwenaliti (umzobo 3) luqukethe inaliti ye-hypodermic eqhelekileyo ye-21 gauge (Cat. No. 4665643, Sterican \ ( ^ \ circledR \), ububanzi bangaphandle 0.8 mm, ubude be-120 mm, i-AISI 304 i-chromium-nickel engenasici. intsimbi , B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) exhotyiswe ngeplastiki yeLuer Tshixa umkhono owenziwe ngepolypropylene ekupheleni kweproximal kunye nokulungiswa ngokufanelekileyo ekupheleni.I-tube yenaliti ithengiswa kwi-waveguide njengoko kuboniswe kumfanekiso we-3b.I-waveguides yaprintwa kumshicileli we-3D wensimbi engenastainless (i-EOS 316L insimbi engenasici kwiprinta ye-EOS M 290 3D, i-3D Formtech Oy, i-Jyväskylä, eFinland) kwaye emva koko ifakwe kwi-sensor ye-Langevin isebenzisa iibholithi ze-M4.I-sensor yeLangevin iqulethe i-8 piezoelectric ring elements ezilayishwe kuzo zombini iziphelo ezinobunzima obubini.
Iindidi ezine zeengcebiso (ifoto), i-lancet ekhoyo yorhwebo (L) kunye ne-axisymmetric ye-axisymmetric single-stage bevels (AX1-3) ibonakaliswe ngobude be-bevel (BL) ye-4, 1.2 kunye ne-0.5 mm, ngokulandelanayo.(a) Ukuvala incam yenaliti egqityiweyo.(b) Umbono ophezulu wezikhonkwane ezine ezithengiswe kwi-3D eprintiweyo ye-waveguide kwaye emva koko iqhagamshelwe kwi-sensor ye-Langevin ngeebholiti ze-M4.
Iingcebiso ezintathu ze-axisymmetric bevel (umzobo 3) zenziwe (i-TAs Machine Tools Oy) kunye nobude be-bevel (BL, njengoko kuchazwe kwi-Fig. 2a) ye-4.0, 1.2 kunye ne-0.5 mm, ehambelana ne-(\ approx) 2 \ (^ \ circ\), 7\(^\circ\) kunye ne-18\(^\circ\) ngokulandelelanayo.Ubunzima be-waveguide kunye nenaliti yi-3.4 ± 0.017 g (ithetha ± sd, n = 4) ye-bevels L kunye ne-AX1-3, ngokulandelanayo (Quintix \ (^\ circledR \) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, eJamani) .Kwi-L kunye ne-AX1-3 bevels kwi-Figure 3b, ubude obupheleleyo ukusuka kwincam yenaliti ukuya ekupheleni komkhono weplastiki yayingu-13.7, 13.3, 13.3, kunye ne-13.3 cm, ngokulandelanayo.
Kulo lonke ulungelelwaniso lwenaliti, ubude ukusuka kwincam yenaliti ukuya kwincam ye-waveguide (oko kukuthi, ukuya kwindawo ye-weld) yayiyi-4.3 cm, kwaye ityhubhu yenaliti yayijongiswe ngokusikwa phezulu (oko kukuthi, ngokuhambelana ne-Y axis) , njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mfanekiso.c (Umfanekiso 2).
Isikripthi esiqhelekileyo kwiMATLAB (R2019a, iMathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) esebenza kwikhompyuter (iLatitude 7490, iDell Inc., eTexas, eU.SA) isetyenziselwe ukuvelisa i-sinusoidal sweep ukusuka kwi-25 ukuya kwi-35 kHz imizuzwana eyi-7, ukudlula I-digital-to-analog (DA) converter (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA) iguqulela kwisignali ye-analog.Umqondiso we-analog \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) emva koko yandiswa ngesandisi-lizwi esizinikezeleyo sikanomathotholo (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).Amandla ombane awandisiweyo \({V_I}\) ukusuka kwi-RF amplifier ene-impedance ye-50 ohms ifakwe kwi-transformer eyakhelwe kwisakhiwo senaliti kunye ne-imedance ye-50 ohms.I-Langevin transducers (ii-transducer ze-piezoelectric ezisindayo ngaphambili nangasemva) zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amaza omatshini.Iamplifier ye-RF yesiko ixhotyiswe nge-double-channel stand wave power factor (SWR) imitha erekhoda isiganeko \ ({V_I}\) kunye nombane obonakalisiweyo obonakalisiweyo\(V_R\) kwimo ye-analog-to-digital (AD).ngomlinganiselo wesampulu ye-300 kHz Converter (i-analogue Discovery 2).Isignali yokuvuselela i-amplitude imodyuliweyo ekuqaleni nasekupheleni ukuthintela ukugqithiswa kwegalelo le-amplifier kunye nezinto ezidlulayo.
Ukusebenzisa iskripthi sesiko esiphunyeziweyo kwi-MATLAB, umsebenzi wokuphendula rhoqo (FRF), okt \(\tilde{H}(f)\), uqikelelwe ngaphandle kweintanethi kusetyenziswa indlela yokulinganisa i-sinusoidal t-channel ye-two-channel (Fig. 4), ethatha umgca ngexesha.inkqubo engaguqukiyo.Ukongeza, i-20 ukuya kwi-40 kHz band pass filter isetyenziselwa ukususa naziphi na iifrikhwensi ezingafunekiyo kwisignali.Ngokubhekiselele kwithiyori yemigca yothumelo, kule meko \(\tilde{H}(f)\) ilingana ne-coefficient yokubonisa amandla ombane, oko kukuthi \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I}\). ) \) iyancipha ukuya \({V_R}^ 2 /{V_I}^2\ ) ilingana \(|\rho _{V}|^2\).Kwiimeko apho amaxabiso ombane apheleleyo afunekayo, amandla esiganeko \ (P_I\) kunye namandla abonakalisiweyo \ (P_R \) amandla (W) abalwa ngokuthatha ixabiso le-rms (rms) yombane ohambelanayo, umzekelo.kumgca wothumelo onesinusoidal excitation \( P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, apho \(Z_0\) ilingana no-50 \(\Omega\).Amandla ombane anikezelweyo kumthwalo \(P_T\) (oko kukuthi, isiphakathi esifakiweyo) singabalwa njenge \(|P_I – P_R |\) (W RMS), kwakunye nokuhanjiswa kombane ngokufanelekileyo (PTE) kunye nepesenti ( %) inokumiselwa ukuba imilo inikwa njani, ke 27:
I-acicular modal frequencies \ (f_{1-3}\) (kHz) kunye nezinto ezihambelanayo zogqithiso lwamandla \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3} \) ziqikelelwa kusetyenziswa iFRF.FWHM (\(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) kuqikelelwa ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), ukusuka kwiTheyibhile 1 A icala elinye I-spectrum yomgca ifunyenwe kwi-modal frequency echaziweyo \ (f_{1-3}\).
Umlinganiselo wokuphendula rhoqo (AFC) yezakhiwo zeenaliti.I-sinusoidal two-channel sweep measurement25,38 isetyenziselwa ukufumana umsebenzi wokuphendula rhoqo \(\tilde{H}(f)\) kunye nempendulo yayo yempembelelo H (t).\({\mathcal {F}}\) kunye \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) imele inguqu ye-Fourier ye-digital trancation kunye ne-inverse yayo, ngokulandelelanayo.\(\ tilde{G}(f)\) ithetha imveliso yemiqondiso emibini kwi-domain frequency, umz \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) ithetha imveliso yeskeni eguqukileyo\(\tilde{ X} r (f)\ ) kunye nokwehla kwamandla ombane \(\tilde{X}(f)\) ngokulandelelanayo.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwi-Figure 5, ikhamera ye-high-speed (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., NJ, USA) ixhotyiswe nge-lens macro (MP-E 65mm, \ (f \) / 2.8, 1-5 \).(\ amaxesha\), Canon Inc., eTokyo, eJapan), ukurekhoda ukuphambuka kweengcebiso ngexesha le-excitation yokugoba (i-single-frequency, i-sinusoid eqhubekayo) kwii-frequencies ze-27.5-30 kHz.Ukwenza imephu yomthunzi, into epholileyo ye-LED emhlophe ephezulu (inombolo yecandelo: 4052899910881, i-LED emhlophe, i-3000 K, i-4150 lm, i-Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, i-Regensburg, eJamani) yabekwa emva kwencam yenaliti.
Imboniselo yangaphambili yokuseta umfuniselo.Ubunzulu bulinganiswa ukusuka kumphezulu we-medium.Isakhiwo senaliti sixinzelelwe kwaye sifakwe kwitafile yokudlulisa imoto.Sebenzisa ikhamera yesantya esiphezulu ene-lens yolwaliso oluphezulu (5\(\x\)) ukulinganisa ukutenxa kwe-engile e-oblique.Yonke imilinganiselo ikwimillimeters.
Kuhlobo ngalunye lwebevel yenaliti, sirekhode iifreyimu ezingama-300 zekhamera enesantya esiphezulu enomlinganiselo we-128 \(\x\) 128 pixels, nganye inesisombululo sesithuba se-1/180 mm (\(\approx) 5 µm), ene- isisombululo sexeshana se-310,000 yezakhelo ngesekhondi.Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 6, isakhelo ngasinye (1) sinqunyulwe (2) kangangokuba incam yenaliti ikumgca wokugqibela (ezantsi) kwesakhelo, kwaye i-histogram yomfanekiso (3) ibalwa, ngoko ke iCanny. Imida ye-1 kunye ne-2 inokumiselwa.Emva koko sebenzisa i-Canny edge discovery 28 (4) kunye nomqhubi we-Sobel 3 \ (\ amaxesha\) 3 kwaye udibanise izikhundla zeepixels ezingenayo i-hypotenuse (ebhalwe \ (\ mathbf {\ amaxesha }\)) ngaphandle kwe-cavitation 300 ixesha amanyathelo.Ukumisela uluhlu lokuphambuka kweengcebiso, bala i-derivative (usebenzisa i-algorithm yomehluko osembindini) (6) kwaye umisele isakhelo (7) esiqulethe ukugqithiswa kwendawo (okt incopho) yokuphambuka.Emva kokuhlolwa okubonakalayo komphetho we-cavitation-free edge, ibini lezakhelo (okanye iifreyimu ezimbini ezinexesha lesiqingatha sexesha) zikhethiwe (7) kwaye ukuphambuka kwengcebiso kulinganiswe (kuchazwa njenge \ (\ mathbf {\ amaxesha } \)).Oku ngasentla kuphunyezwe kwi-Python (v3.8, i-Python Software Foundation, i-python.org) isebenzisa i-algorithm ye-OpenCV Canny edge yokufumanisa (v4.5.1, ilayibrari yombono wekhompyutha evulekileyo, i-opencv.org).Okokugqibela, umba wamandla ophambuko (DPR, µm/W) ubalwa njengomlinganiselo wophambuko lwencopho-ukuya-kwincopho kumandla ombane athunyelwayo \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Ukusebenzisa i-algorithm yamanyathelo esi-7 (1-7), kuquka ukunqampuna (1-2), ukubhaqwa komphetho weCanny (3-4), ukubala, ukulinganisa indawo yepixel yencam yencam yecala usebenzisa uthotho lwezakhelo ezithatyathwe kwindawo ephezulu- ikhamera yesantya kwi-310 kHz (5) kunye nexesha layo eliphuma kuyo (6), kwaye, ekugqibeleni, uluhlu lokuphambuka kweengcebiso lulinganiswa kwizibini ezijongwayo zezakhelo (7).
Ukulinganisa emoyeni (22.4-22.9 ° C), amanzi ahlanjululweyo (20.8-21.5 ° C) kunye ne-10% (w / v) i-gelatin ye-ballistic aqueous (19.7-23.0 ° C , \ (\ umbhalo {Honeywell} ^ {\ umbhalo { TM}}\) \(\ okubhaliweyo {Fluka}^{\ okubhaliweyo {TM}}\) I-Bovine kunye ne-Pork Bone Gelatin yoHlobo lwe-I Ballistic, i-Honeywell International, iNorth Carolina, e-USA).Ubushushu bulinganiswa nge-K-type thermocouple amplifier (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) kunye ne-K-type thermocouple (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Sebenzisa inqanaba le-Z-axis elinenjini ethe nkqo (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) ukulinganisa ubunzulu ukusuka kumphezulu weendaba (obekwe njengemvelaphi ye-Z-axis) kunye nesisombululo se-5 µm ngenyathelo.
Ekubeni ubungakanani besampulu babuncinci (n = 5) kwaye ukuqheleka kwakungenakucingelwa, isampuli ye-Wilcoxon enemisila emibini yovavanyo lwesixa semali (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project.org) yasetyenziswa. ukuthelekisa isixa seenaliti ezingafaniyo kwiibevels ezahlukeneyo.Ukuthelekiswa okuthathu kwenziwa kwi-slope nganye, ngoko ke ukulungiswa kwe-Bonferroni kwasetyenziswa kunye nenqanaba lokubaluleka elilungisiweyo le-0.017 kunye nesantya sephutha se-5%.
Kubhekiselwa kumfanekiso wesi-7 ngezantsi.Kwi-29.75 kHz, isiqingatha se-wavelength egobileyo (\(\ lambda _y/2\)) yenaliti ye-21-gauge yi-8 mm.Ubude beza obugoba buyancipha ecaleni kwethambeka njengoko isondela kwincam.Kwi-tip \ (\ lambda _y/2\) kukho ii-bevels ezinyathelayo ze-3, 1 kunye ne-7 mm, ngokulandelanayo, kwii-lancets eziqhelekileyo (a), i-asymmetric (b) kunye ne-axisymmetric (c).Ngaloo ndlela, oku kuthetha ukuba i-lancet iya kwahluka nge-(\ malunga\) 5 mm (ngenxa yokuba iiplani ezimbini ze-lancet zenza iphuzu le-29.30), i-slope ye-asymmetrical iya kuhluka nge-7 mm, kunye ne-slope ye-symmetrical slope. nge 1mm.Imithambeka ye-Axisymmetric (iziko lomxhuzulane lihlala lifana, ngoko ke ubukhulu bodonga kuphela butshintsha ngokuthe ngqo kwithambeka).
Ukusetyenziswa kwesifundo se-FEM kwi-29.75 kHz kunye ne-equation.(1) Bala ukugoba isiqingatha-amaza utshintsho (\(\ lambda _y/2\)) lancet (a), asymmetric (b) kunye axisymmetric (c) oblique geometry (njengoko Fig. 1a,b,c).).Umyinge \(\lambda_y/2\) we-lancet, i-asymmetric, kunye ne-axisymmetric slopes yi-5.65, 5.17, kunye ne-7.52 mm, ngokulandelanayo.Qaphela ukuba ubukhulu bencam ye-asymmetric kunye ne-axisymmetric bevels bulinganiselwe ku-\(\ malunga) ne-50 µm.
I-Peak Mobility \ (|\ tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) yindibaniselwano ye-tube ubude obufanelekileyo (TL) kunye nobude bokuthambekela (BL) (Umfanekiso 8, 9).Kwi-lancet eqhelekileyo, ekubeni ubungakanani bayo bugxininisekile, i-TL efanelekileyo \ (\ approx \) 29.1 mm (Umfanekiso 8).Kwimithambeka ye-asymmetric kunye ne-axisymmetric (umzobo 9a, b, ngokulandelanayo), uphando lwe-FEM lubandakanya i-BL ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-7 mm, ngoko ke uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-TL lwalusuka kwi-26.9 ukuya kwi-28.7 mm (uluhlu lwe-1.8 mm) kunye ne-27.9 ukuya kwi-29.2 mm (uluhlu 1.3 mm).)), ngokulandelelanayo.Kwimithambeka ye-asymmetric (umzobo 9a), i-TL ephezulu yanda ngokulandelelana, ifikelela kwi-plateau kwi-BL 4 mm, kwaye iyancipha ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwi-BL 5 ukuya kwi-7 mm.Kwimithambeka ye-axisymmetric (umzobo 9b), i-TL eyongezelelweyo inyuka ngokuhambelana ne-BL elongation kwaye ekugqibeleni izinzile kwi-BL ukusuka kwi-6 ukuya kwi-7 mm.Uphononongo olwandisiweyo lwemithambeka ye-axisymmetric (Umfanekiso 9c) ubonise isethi eyahlukileyo ye-TLs efanelekileyo ebekwe kwi-(\ malunga) ne-35.1-37.1 mm.Kuzo zonke ii-BLs, umgama phakathi kweeseti ezimbini ze-TLs ezizezona zingcono \(\approx\) 8 mm (ilingana ne\(\lambda _y/2\)).
Ukuhamba kokuhanjiswa kweLancet kwi-29.75 kHz.I-tube yenaliti yaxutywa kwi-frequency ye-29.75 kHz, i-vibration yalinganiswa ekupheleni kwaye ibonakaliswe njengexabiso lokuhamba kwe-mechanical transmitted (dB ngokumalunga nexabiso eliphezulu) kwi-TL 26.5-29.5 mm (isinyathelo se-0.1 mm).
Izifundo zeParametric ze-FEM kwi-frequency ye-29.75 kHz zibonisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwe-tip ye-axisymmetric kuncinci kuchaphazeleka utshintsho kubude bombhobho kunomlingani wayo we-asymmetric.Ubude be-bevel (BL) kunye nobude bombhobho (TL) izifundo ze-asymmetric (a) kunye ne-axisymmetric (b, c) i-bevel geometries kwizifundo ze-domain frequency usebenzisa i-FEM (imiqathango yomda iboniswe kuMfanekiso 2).(a, b) I-TL isuka kwi-26.5 ukuya kwi-29.5 mm (isinyathelo se-0.1 mm) kunye ne-BL 1-7 mm (isinyathelo se-0.5 mm).(c) Uphononongo olwandisiweyo lwe-axisymmetric oblique angle ebandakanya i-TL 25-40mm (inyathelo le-0.05mm) kunye ne-0.1-7mm (inyathelo le-0.1mm) elibonisa umlinganiselo ofunekayo \(\lambda_y/2\) Iimeko ezikhululekileyo zomda we-tip ziyaneliswa.
Ulwakhiwo lwenaliti lunee-frequencies ezintathu zendalo \ (f_{1-3}\) ezahlulwe zibe yimimandla ephantsi, ephakathi kunye nephezulu ye-modal njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 1. Ubungakanani be-PTE buboniswe kuMfanekiso 10 kwaye emva koko buhlalutywe kuMfanekiso we-11. iziphumo zendawo nganye yemodyuli:
Ii-amplitudes eziqhelekileyo ezirekhodiweyo ezirekhodiweyo zokudlulisa amandla ngokukhawuleza (PTE) ezifunyenwe zisebenzisa i-sinusoidal excitation kunye nefrikhwensi etshayelayo kubunzulu be-20 mm ye-lancet (L) kunye ne-axisymmetric slopes AX1-3 emoyeni, emanzini kunye ne-gelatin.I-spectrum enecala elinye iyaboniswa.Impendulo yefrikhwensi elinganisiweyo (ireyithi yesampulu ye-300 kHz) yahluzwa ipasi eliphantsi kwaye emva koko yathotywa i-factor ye-200 yohlalutyo lwe-modal.Umlinganiselo wesignali ukuya kwingxolo ngu \(\le\) 45 dB.Isigaba se-PTE (umgca onamachaphaza amfusa) uboniswa ngokwezidanga (\(^{\circ}\)).
Uhlalutyo lwempendulo ye-modal luboniswe kuMfanekiso we-10 (uthetha ± ukutenxa okusemgangathweni, n = 5) kwi-L kunye ne-AX1-3 amathambeka emoyeni, emanzini, kunye ne-10% yegelatin (20 mm ubunzulu) kunye (phezulu) imimandla emithathu ye-modal (ephantsi. , phakathi, phezulu).), kunye nee-modal frequencies zabo ezihambelanayo\(f_{1-3}\) (kHz), (i-avareji) ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla\(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) isebenzisa ii-equations zoyilo.(4) kunye (ezantsi) bububanzi obupheleleyo kwisiqingatha sexabiso eliphezulu elilinganisiweyo \(\ okubhaliweyo {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), ngokulandelelanayo.Qaphela ukuba xa urekhoda i-PTE ephantsi, okt kwimeko ye-slope ye-AX2, umlinganiselo we-bandwidth ushiyiwe, \ (\ umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\).Imo ye-\(f_2\) ithathwa njengeyona ilungele ukuthelekisa ukuphambuka kweenqwelomoya ezithambekileyo, njengoko ibonisa elona nqanaba liphezulu logqithiso lwamandla olusulungekileyo (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), ukuya kuthi ga ngoku. 99%.
Ummandla we-modal yokuqala: \(f_1\) ayixhomekekanga kakhulu kudidi lwemidiya efakiweyo, kodwa ixhomekeke kwi-bevel geometry.\(f_1\) iyancipha ngokunciphisa ubude be-bevel (27.1, 26.2 kunye ne-25.9 kHz ye-AX1-3, ngokulandelelanayo, emoyeni).I-avareji zengingqi \(\text {PTE}_{1}\) kunye \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) yi \(\approx\) 81% kunye ne-230 Hz ngokulandelelanayo.\(\ okubhaliweyo {FWHM}_{1}\) yayiyeyona iphakamileyo kwigelatin ukusuka eLancet (L, 473 Hz).Qaphela ukuba \(\ okubhaliweyo {FWHM}_{1}\) ye-AX2 kwi-gelatin ayinakuqikelelwa ngenxa yobukhulu obuphantsi beempendulo zefrikhwensi ezixeliweyo.
Ummandla wemodal yesibini: \(f_2\) ixhomekeke kuhlobo lokuncamathisela kunye nebevel media.Emoyeni, emanzini kunye negelatin, i-avareji \ (f_2\) amaxabiso ngama-29.1, 27.9 kunye ne-28.5 kHz, ngokulandelanayo.I-PTE yalo mmandla wemodyuli nayo ifikelele kuma-99%, elona liphezulu kuwo onke amaqela omlinganiselo, kunye nomyinge wommandla wama-84%.Umndilili wendawo \(\ okubhaliweyo {FWHM}_{2}\) yi \(\approx\) 910 Hz.
Ummandla wemodyuli yesithathu: \(f_3\) Ubuninzi buxhomekeke kuhlobo lofakelo oluphakathi kunye nebevel.Umndilili \(f_3\) amaxabiso yi-32.0, 31.0 kunye ne-31.3 kHz emoyeni, emanzini kunye negelatin, ngokulandelelanayo.\(\ okubhaliweyo {PTE}_{3}\) kunomndilili wengingqi \(\ malunga\) 74%, owona usezantsi kuwo nawuphi na ummandla.Umndilili wengingqi \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{3}\) ngu \(\ malunga\) 1085 Hz, ongaphezulu kunommandla wokuqala nowesibini.
Oku kulandelayo kubhekisa kwiFig.I-12 kunye neThebhile 2. I-lancet (L) ijike kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuzo zonke iingcebiso, \ (p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (umzobo 12a), ukufikelela kwi-DPR ephezulu (ukuya kwi-220 µm / W emoyeni). I-12 kunye neThebhile 2. I-lancet (L) ijike kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuzo zonke iingcebiso, \ (p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (umzobo 12a), ukufikelela kwi-DPR ephezulu (ukuya kwi-220 µm / W emoyeni). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 kwaye таблице 2 воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Oku kulandelayo kusebenza kuMzobo we-12 kunye neThebhile 2. I-Lancet (L) ijike kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuzo zonke iingcebiso, \ (p <\) 0.017) kumoya kunye namanzi (umzobo 12a), ukufikelela kwi-DPR ephezulu.(ukuya kwi-220 μm / W emoyeni).Kubhekiselwa kuMfanekiso 12 nakwiTheyibhile 2 ngezantsi.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中（图12a）中偏转最大（对所有尖端具有高度意义，\(p<\) 0.017 石珍 经纰纰红红红牠高达220 µm/W）.柳叶刀(L) ineempembelelo eziphezulu emoyeni nasemanzini (图12a) (对所述尖端是对尖端是是电影,\(p<\) 0.017), kwaye iphumelele elona DPR liphezulu (ukuya kuma-220 µm/ W emoyeni). Ланцет (L) имеет наибольшее отклонение (весьма значимое для всех наконечников, \(p<\) 0,017) в воздухе и воде (рис. 12) в воздухе и воде (рис 0 мкм/Вт в воздухе). I-Lancet (L) inokutenxa okukhulu (okubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke iingcebiso, \ (p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), ukufikelela kwi-DPR ephezulu (ukuya kwi-220 µm / W emoyeni). Emoyeni, i-AX1 eyayine-BL ephezulu, ijike ngaphezulu kwe-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka, \(p<\) 0.017), ngelixa i-AX3 (ebene-BL ephantsi) ijike ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR ye-190 µm/W. Emoyeni, i-AX1 eyayine-BL ephezulu, ijike ngaphezulu kwe-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka, \(p<\) 0.017), ngelixa i-AX3 (ebene-BL ephantsi) ijike ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR ye-190 µm/W. 0 X2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Emoyeni, i-AX1 ene-BL ephezulu ijike phezulu kune-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka \(p<\) 0.017), ngelixa i-AX3 (ene-BL ephantsi) ijike ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR 190 µm/W.在空气中，具有较高BL的AX1 偏转高于AX2-3（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有最D1D 2017D 2017） µm/W. Emoyeni, ukuphambuka kwe-AX1 ene-BL ephezulu iphezulu kune-AX2-3 (ngokubalulekileyo, \(p<\) 0.017), kunye nokuphambuka kwe-AX3 (nge-BL ephantsi) iphezulu kune-AX2, i-DPR yi-190 µm/W. 0 чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Emoyeni, i-AX1 ene-BL ephezulu inokutenxa okukhulu kune-AX2-3 (ibalulekile, \(p<\) 0.017), kanti i-AX3 (ene-BL ephantsi) inonxaxha olukhulu kune-AX2 ene-DPR ye-190 μm/W. Emanzini kwi-20 mm, akukho ntlukwano ebalulekileyo (\(p>\) 0.017) ifunyenwe kwi-deflection kunye ne-PTE ye-AX1-3. Emanzini kwi-20 mm, akukho ntlukwano ebalulekileyo (\(p>\) 0.017) ifunyenwe kwi-deflection kunye ne-PTE ye-AX1-3. В воде на глубине 20 мм достоверных различий (\(p>\) 0,017) по прогибу и ФТР для AX1–3 не обнаружено. Emanzini kubunzulu be-20 mm, ukungafani okuphawulekayo (\(p>\) 0.017) ekuphambukeni kunye ne-FTR ifunyenwe kwi-AX1-3.在20 mm 的水中，AX1-3 的挠度和PTE 没有显着差异(\(p>\) 0.017). Kwi-20 mm yamanzi, kwakungekho mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-AX1-3 kunye ne-PTE (\(p>\) 0.017). На глубине 20 мм прогиб и PTE AX1-3 существенно не отличались (\(p>\) 0,017). Ubunzulu be-20 mm ukuphambuka kunye ne-PTE AX1-3 ayizange ihluke kakhulu (\(p>\) 0.017).Amanqanaba e-PTE emanzini (90.2-98.4%) ayephezulu kakhulu kunomoya (56-77.5%) (umzobo 12c), kwaye i-phenomenon ye-cavitation yaphawulwa ngexesha lokulinga emanzini (Umfanekiso 13, jonga kwakhona ukongeza. ulwazi).
Iingcebiso zokugoba imilinganiselo ye-amplitude (ithetha ± ukutenxa okusemgangathweni, n = 5) ye-L kunye ne-AX1-3 i-chamfers emoyeni nasemanzini (ubunzulu be-20 mm) ibonise umphumo wokutshintsha i-chamfer geometry.Imilinganiselo ifunyanwa kusetyenziswa rhoqo rhoqo frequency single sinusoidal excitation.(a) Ukutenxa kwincopho (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) kwi-vertex, kulinganiswe ngo (b) kwiimodyuli zazo ngokwahlukeneyo \(f_2\).(c) Ugqithiso lwamandla ngobuchule (PTE, rms, %) njengeequation.(4) kunye (d) Ukutenxa umba wamandla (DPR, µm/W) abalwe njengencopho yokutenxa kunye nokuhambisa amandla \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Isithunzi esiqhelekileyo sekhamera yesantya esiphezulu esibonisa ukuphambuka okupheleleyo kwencam ye-lancet (imigca eluhlaza kunye namachaphaza abomvu) ye-lancet (L) kunye nencam ye-axisymmetric (AX1-3) emanzini (ubunzulu obungama-20mm), umjikelo wesiqingatha, ukuhamba rhoqo. \(f_2\) (i-frequency 310 kHz isampuli).Umfanekiso othotyiweyo wegreyscale unemilinganiselo ye-128×128 pixels kunye nobukhulu bepixel ye \(\malunga) 5 µm.Ividiyo inokufumaneka kulwazi olongezelelweyo.
Ngaloo ndlela, senza imodeli yenguqu kwi-bending wavelength (umzobo 7) kwaye sibale ukuhamba komatshini ukuhanjiswa kwe-lanceolate eqhelekileyo, i-asymmetric, kunye ne-axial yokudibanisa ubude be-tube kunye ne-bevel (umzobo 8, 9).Ijiyometri ye-beveled elinganayo.Ngokusekwe kowona mva, siqikelele owona mgama ungowona wencam ukuya kwi-weld ube yi-43 mm (okanye \(\approx\) 2.75\(\lambda_y\) kuma-29.75 kHz) njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5, kwaye senze iibevels ezintathu ezine-axisymmetric ezine. ubude be-bevel ezahlukeneyo.Emva koko siye sabonakalisa iimpendulo zabo rhoqo xa kuthelekiswa neelancets eziqhelekileyo emoyeni, emanzini, kunye ne-10% (w / v) i-gelatin ye-ballistic (Amanani 10, 11) kwaye sinqume eyona meko ingcono yokuthelekisa imo ye-tilt deflection.Okokugqibela, siye salinganisa ukujikwa kwencam ngokugoba amaza emoyeni nasemanzini kubunzulu be-20 mm saza sabala ugqithiso lwamandla ngokufanelekileyo (PTE, %) kunye nemeko yamandla ephambukayo (DPR, µm/W) yesiphakathi esitofwayo kwithambeka ngalinye.uhlobo (Umfanekiso 12).
Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-axis ethambekileyo yejometri ichaphazela ukutenxa kwe-amplitude ye-tip axis.I-lancet yayine-curvature ephezulu kunye ne-DPR ephezulu kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-axisymmetric bevel, ngelixa i-axisymmetric bevel yayinentsingiselo encinci yokuphambuka (Umfanekiso we-12). I-axi-symmetric 4 mm bevel (AX1) enobude be-bevel ubude, iphunyezwe ngokweenkcukacha-manani i-deflection ephezulu emoyeni (\(p <0.017\), iThebhile 2), xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinaliti ze-axi-symmetric (AX2–3), kodwa akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo owabonwayo, xa inaliti ifakwe emanzini. I-axi-symmetric 4 mm bevel (AX1) enobude be-bevel ubude, iphunyezwe ngokweenkcukacha-manani i-deflection ephezulu emoyeni (\(p <0.017\), iThebhile 2), xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinaliti ze-axi-symmetric (AX2–3), kodwa akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo owabonwayo, xa inaliti ifakwe emanzini. Осесимметричный скос 4 мм (AX1), имеющий наибольшую длину скоса, достиг статистически значимого наибольшего отклонения отклонения отклонения в возд (2) внению с другими осесимметричными иглами (AX2–3). I-axisymmetric bevel 4 mm (AX1), enobude obude be-bevel, iphumelele ukuphambuka okubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo emoyeni (\(p <0.017\), iThebhile 2) xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinaliti ze-axisymmetric (AX2-3).kodwa ukungafani okuphawulekayo akuzange kubonwe xa ubeka inaliti emanzini.与其他轴对称针(AX2-3) 相比，具有最长斜角长度的轴对称4 mm 斜角(AX1) 在空气中实现(\(p <0.017\),表2)，但当将针头放入水中时，没有观察到显着差异。 Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinaliti ze-axially symmetric (i-AX2-3), ine-angle ye-oblique ende ye-4 mm axially symmetrical (AX1) emoyeni, kwaye iphumelele ukuphambuka okubalulekileyo ngokwezibalo (\(p <0.017\), iThebhile 2) , kodwa xa inaliti ifakwe emanzini, akukho mahluko ubalulekileyo owabonwayo. Осесимметричный скос 4 мм (AX1) с наибольшей длиной скоса обеспечивает статистически значимое максимальное отклонение отклонение отклонение вюздупечает статистическ ыми иглами (AX2-3) (\(p < 0,017\), таблица 2), но существенной разницы не было. I-axisymmetric slope enobude be-slope ubude be-4 mm (AX1) ibonelele ngokunxaxha okubalulekileyo emoyeni xa kuthelekiswa namanye amathambeka e-axisymmetric (AX2-3) (\(p <0.017\), iTheyibhile 2), kodwa bekungekho umahluko obalulekileyo.ijongwa xa inaliti ifakwe emanzini.Ke, ubude be-bevel ende abukho buncedo bucacileyo malunga nokuphambuka kwengcebiso.Ukuthathela ingqalelo oku, kuvela ukuba i-slope geometry, ephandwayo kwesi sifundo, inempembelelo enkulu kwi-amplitude deflection kunobude be-slope.Oku kunokunxulunyaniswa nokugoba ukuqina, umzekelo, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezigobileyo kunye nobukhulu obupheleleyo benaliti yokwakha.
Kwizifundo zovavanyo, ubukhulu be-flexible wave ebonakalisiweyo buchatshazelwa yimiqathango yomda we-tip.Xa incam yenaliti ifakwe emanzini kunye negelatin, \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) i-avareji \(\approx\) 95% kunye \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) i-avareji yamaxabiso are 73% kunye 77% (\text {PTE}_{1}\) kunye \(\text {PTE}_{3}\), ngokulandelelanayo (Fig. 11).Oku kubonisa ukuba ugqithiso oluphezulu lwamandla e-acoustic kwi-casting medium (umzekelo, amanzi okanye i-gelatin) kwenzeka kwi-\(f_2\).Ukuziphatha okufanayo kuye kwaphawulwa kuphononongo lwangaphambili kusetyenziswa ubume besixhobo esilula kwi-frequencies ye-41-43 kHz, apho ababhali babonise i-coefficient ye-voltage reflection coefficient ehambelana nemodyuli yomatshini we-medium intercalated medium.Ubunzulu bokungena32 kunye neempawu zomatshini zezicubu zibonelela ngomthwalo womatshini kwinaliti kwaye ke ngoko kulindeleke ukuba kuphembelele indlela yokuziphatha ye-resonant ye-UZeFNAB.Ke ngoko, ii-algorithms zokulandela umkhondo we-resonance ezifana ne-17, 18, 33 zingasetyenziselwa ukukhulisa amandla esandi esihanjiswa ngestylus.
Imodeli ye-Bend wavelength (umzobo 7) ibonisa ukuba i-axisymmetric inobunzima obuphezulu besakhiwo (oko kukuthi ukuqina kokugoba okuphezulu) kwincam kune-lancet kunye ne-asymmetric bevel.Ithathwe kwi-(1) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-velocity-frequency relationship eyaziwayo, siqikelela ukugoba kokuqina kwe-lancet, iingcebiso ze-asymmetric kunye ne-axisymmetric njengamathambeka \ (\ malunga) ne-200, i-20 kunye ne-1500 MPa, ngokulandelanayo.Oku kuhambelana (\ lambda _y \) 5.3, 1.7 kunye ne-14.2 mm kwi-29.75 kHz, ngokulandelanayo (Umfanekiso 7a-c).Ukuqwalasela ukhuseleko lweklinikhi yenkqubo ye-USeFNAB, impembelelo yejometri ekuqineni koyilo lwe-bevel kufuneka ihlolwe34.
Uphononongo lweeparamitha ze-bevel kunye nobude betyhubhu (umzobo 9) lubonise ukuba uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwe-TL ye-asymmetric (1.8 mm) yayiphezulu kune-axisymmetric bevel (1.3 mm).Ukongezelela, i-plateau yokuhamba ihamba ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kwi-4.5 mm kunye ne-6 ukuya kwi-7 mm ye-asymmetric kunye ne-axisymmetric tilt, ngokulandelanayo (umzobo 9a, b).Ukufaneleka okubonakalayo koku kufunyenweyo kubonakaliswe ekunyamezelweni kwemveliso, umzekelo, uluhlu olusezantsi lwe-TL olufanelekileyo lunokuthetha imfuno yobude obuchanekileyo obuchanekileyo.Ngexesha elifanayo, iqonga lesivuno libonelela ngokunyamezela okukhulu ekukhetheni ubude bethambeka kwi-frequency enikeziweyo ngaphandle kokuchaphazela kakhulu isivuno.
Uphononongo lubandakanya le mida elandelayo.Umlinganiselo othe ngqo wokujikwa kweenaliti usebenzisa ukubonwa komphetho kunye ne-imaging yesantya esiphezulu (Umfanekiso we-12) uthetha ukuba sithintelwe kumajelo osasazo abonakalayo afana nomoya kunye namanzi.Singathanda kwakhona ukuphawula ukuba asizange sisebenzise iimvavanyo zokuvavanya ukuhanjiswa okufanisiweyo kunye nokuchasene, kodwa sasebenzisa izifundo ze-FEM ukugqiba ubude obude benaliti eyenziwe.Ukususela kumbono wokulinganiselwa okusebenzayo, ubude be-lancet ukusuka kwi-tip ukuya kwi-sleeve ubude be-0.4 cm kunezinye iinaliti (AX1-3), jonga umkhiwane.3b.Oku kunokuchaphazela impendulo ye-modal yesakhiwo se-acicular.Ukongeza, imilo kunye nomthamo we-waveguide lead solder (jonga uMzobo 3) unokuchaphazela i-impedance yomatshini woyilo lwephini, okukhokelela kwiimpazamo kwi-impedance yomatshini kunye nokuziphatha okugoba.
Okokugqibela, siye sabonisa ngovavanyo ukuba i-bevel geometry ichaphazela isixa sokuphambuka kwi-USeFNAB.Kwiimeko apho i-amplitude ephezulu ye-deflection ingaba nefuthe elihle kwisiphumo senaliti kwi-tissue, umzekelo, ukusika ukusebenza kakuhle emva kokugqobhoza, i-lancet eqhelekileyo inokucetyiswa kwi-USeFNAB, kuba ibonelela ngowona mkhulu we-deflection amplitude ngelixa ugcina ukuqina okwaneleyo. kwincam yoyilo.Ukongeza, uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba ukuphambuka okukhulu kweengcebiso kunokuphucula iziphumo zebhayoloji ezifana ne-cavitation, enokunceda ukuphuhlisa izicelo zongenelelo lotyando oluncinci.Ngenxa yokuba ukonyuka kwamandla e-acoustic ewonke kubonisiwe ukonyusa isivuno se-biopsy kwi-USeFNAB13, izifundo ezongezelelekileyo zobungakanani besampulu yesivuno kunye nomgangatho ziyafuneka ukuvavanya inzuzo eneenkcukacha yekliniki yejometri yenaliti efundiweyo.
UFrable, WJ Fine inaliti yokulangazelela i-biopsy: uphononongo.Humph.Ukugula.14:9-28 .https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(83)80042-2 (1983).
Ixesha lokuposa: Oct-13-2022