Uyini umehluko phakathi kwamandla angaphandle kwamandla kanye namandla angaphezulu?Ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina, lona umbuzo we-semantic kuphela.Amandla amahhala angaphezulu angamandla amahhala endaweni ethile (indawo ebonakalayo).Ngomqondo omsulwa we-thermodynamics, amandla amahhala asho amandla angasetshenziswa ukuze asebenze, abangele imiphumela, futhi enze okuthile kwenzeke.Amandla amahhala angaphezulu ahlobene namandla angenziwa ebusweni bento.
Kubakhiqizi nanoma ubani ohilelekile ekunamathiseleni, ekuhlanzeni, ekubopheni, ekuhlanganiseni, ekwenziweni koyinki nopende, ukuvala, nanoma iyiphi enye inqubo ehilela ukusebenzisana kwezindawo ezingaphezulu nezinye izindawo noma indawo yazo, amandla angaphandle amahhala ngokuvamile afushaniswa ukuze abe amandla angaphezulu nje.
Indawo ibalulekile kuzo zonke izinqubo ezibalwe ngenhla, futhi noma ingaba nomthelela oqondile ekusebenzeni kwabakhiqizi bemikhiqizo kuzo zonke izimboni, ngokuvamile ayilinganiswa ngakho-ke ayilawulwa.
Ukulawula indawo ekukhiqizeni kusho ukulawula amandla angaphezulu kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo.
Ingaphezulu lakhiwe ngama- molecule asebenzisana ngamakhemikhali kanye nama- molecule akha ingaphezulu lezinye izinto ahlangana nazo.Ukuze uguqule amandla angaphezulu, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi lawo ma-molecule angasuswa ngokuhlanza nokwelashwa, ashintshwe noma asetshenziswe ngenye indlela ukuze akhiqize amazinga ahlukene wamandla angaphezulu futhi afinyelele imiphumela oyifunayo.Ukuze ulawule amandla angaphezulu, kufanele akalwe kuyo yonke inqubo yokushintsha ikhemistri engaphezulu ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi nini futhi kangakanani.Ngale ndlela, inani eliqondile lamandla angaphezulu adingekayo angatholakala ngesikhathi esifanele ngesikhathi sokunamathela noma inqubo yokuhlanza.
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ama-molecule enza kanjani umsebenzi wokwakha amabhondi aqinile kanye nezindawo zokuhlanza ngamakhemikhali, sidinga ukuqonda ukukhanga okudonsa ama-molecule ndawonye futhi akhe isamba samandla amahhala wendawo etholakalayo.
Uma sikhuluma ngamandla angaphezulu, sikhuluma ngekhono laleyo ndawo ukwenza umsebenzi.Ngokwezwi nezwi, leli yikhono lendawo engaphezulu ukuhambisa ama-molecule-lokhu kunyakaza kudinga amandla.Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi indawo kanye nama-molecule akha ingaphezulu kuyafana.Ngaphandle kwama-molecule, akukho ndawo.Uma kungekho amandla, lawa ma-molecule awakwazi ukuqedela umsebenzi wokukhangisa ku-adhesive, ngakho-ke akukho ukubopha.
Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi ulingana ngqo namandla.Umsebenzi owengeziwe udinga amandla engeziwe.Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma unamandla engeziwe, umsebenzi wakho uzokwanda.Ikhono le-molecule ukusebenza livela ekudonseni kwayo kwamanye ama-molecule.Lawa mandla akhangayo avela ezindleleni eziningana ezihlukahlukene lapho ama-molecule asebenzelana khona.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ama-molecule ayasebenzisana ngoba anama-molecule anamandla nabi, futhi aheha ukushaja okuphambene phakathi kwama-molecule.Ifu lama-electron lintanta lizungeze i-molecule.Ngenxa yala ma-electron ahambayo njalo, i-molecule ine-charge eguquguqukayo ku-molecule yendawo ethile.Uma wonke ama-molecule ene-charge efanayo nxazonke, awekho ama-molecule azoheha amanye.Cabanga ngamabhorethi amabili ebhola, ibhola ngalinye linokusabalalisa okufanayo kwama-electron ebusweni balo.Angeke futhi adonse omunye nomunye ngoba bobabili banecala elibi futhi akukho nkokhelo enhle engahehwa.
Ngenhlanhla, emhlabeni wangempela, lawa mafu e-elekthronikhi ahlala enyakaza, futhi kunezindawo ezinezindleko ezinhle noma ezimbi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.Uma unama-molecule amabili anama-electron ashajwe ngokungahleliwe eduze kwawo nganoma isiphi isikhathi, azoba nokukhangana okuncane phakathi kwawo.Amandla akhiqizwa ukusatshalaliswa kabusha okungahleliwe kwamashaji avumayo kanye namabi efwini le-electron elizungeze i-molecule abizwa ngokuthi amandla okusabalalisa.
La mandla abuthakathaka kakhulu.Kungakhathaliseki ukwakheka noma ukwakheka kwe-molecule, kukhona amandla okuhlakazeka phakathi kwawo wonke ama-molecule, aphikisana ngokuqondile namandla e-polar akhiqizwa isakhiwo se-molecule.
Ngokwesibonelo, amandla okuhlakazeka yiwo kuphela amandla akhona phakathi kwama-molecule e-nitrogen.Emazingeni okushisa asekamelweni, i-nitrogen iwuhlobo lwegesi, ngoba amandla okuhlakazeka abuthakathaka kakhulu, awakwazi ukumelana nokundindizela okushisayo ngisho nasezingeni elilinganiselwe lokushisa, futhi awakwazi ukubamba ama-molecule e-nitrogen ndawonye.Kuphela uma sisusa cishe wonke amandla okushisa ngokuwapholisa abe ngaphansi kuka-195°C lapho i-nitrogen iba uketshezi.Lapho amandla ashisayo esenciphe ngokwanele, amandla okuhlakazeka abuthaka anganqoba ukundindizela okushisayo futhi adonse ama- molecule e-nitrogen ukuze akhe uketshezi.
Uma sibheka amanzi, ubukhulu bawo wamangqamuzana nobukhulu bawo buyafana ne-nitrogen, kodwa ukwakheka nokwakheka kwama- molecule amanzi kuhlukile kulawo e-nitrogen.Njengoba amanzi eyi-molecule ye-polar kakhulu, ama-molecule azodonselana ngamandla, futhi amanzi azohlala ewuketshezi kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi likhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-100 ° C.Kulokhu kushisa, amandla okushisa anqoba i-molecule Ngamandla e-polar abanjwe ndawonye, amanzi aba igesi.
Iphuzu elibalulekile okufanele uliqonde umehluko wamandla phakathi kwamandla okuhlakazeka kanye namandla ase-polar adonsela ama-molecule komunye nomunye.Uma sikhuluma ngamandla angaphezulu akhiqizwa yilawa mandla akhangayo, sicela ugcine lokhu engqondweni.
Amandla angaphezulu ahlakazekile ayingxenye yamandla angaphezulu, akhiqizwa ukuhlakazeka kwamafu e-electron kuma-molecule ebusweni bento.Ingqikithi yamandla angaphezulu iwukubonakaliswa okukhangayo kokukhangana kwama-molecule komunye nomunye.Amandla angaphezulu ahlakazekile ayingxenye yamandla aphelele, noma ngabe izingxenye ezibuthakathaka nezishintshashintshayo.
Ngezinto ezahlukene, amandla angaphezulu ahlakazekile ahlukile.Ama-polymer anephunga elimnandi (njenge-polystyrene) anezindandatho eziningi ze-benzene kanye nezingxenye ezinkulu zokuhlakaza amandla.Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yokuthi aqukethe inani elikhulu lama-heteroatom (afana ne-chlorine), i-PVC futhi inengxenye yamandla engaphezulu ehlakazekile engqikithini yamandla ayo angaphezulu.
Ngakho-ke, indima yamandla okuhlakazeka enqubweni yokukhiqiza incike ezintweni ezisetshenzisiwe.Nokho, njengoba amandla okuhlakazeka engancikile neze ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana athile, indlela yokuwalawula ilinganiselwe kakhulu.
Ukusebenzisana kokuphambuka kwama-electron ahlakazekile okusekelwe kulokhu kuguquguquka akuyona ukuphela kwendlela yokuthi ama-molecule ahlangane.Ngenxa yezici ezithile zesakhiwo ezenza amanye amandla akhangayo phakathi kwama-molecule, ama-molecule angakwazi ukuxhumana namanye ama-molecule.Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa lawa amanye amandla, njengokusebenzisana kwe-acid-base, lapho ama-molecule esebenzisana ngokusebenzisa ikhono lawo lokwamukela noma ukunikela ngama-electron.
Amanye ama-molecule anezici zesakhiwo ezikhiqiza i-dipoles ehlala njalo, okusho ukuthi, ngaphezu kokuhlakazeka okungahleliwe kwama-electron azungeze i-molecule, ezinye izingxenye ze-molecule zihlala zihle kakhulu noma zingalungile kunezinye.Lawa ma-dipoles ahlala njalo akhanga kakhulu kunokuxhumana okuhlakazekayo.
Ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo, amanye ama-molecule anezindawo ezishajwa unaphakade okungenzeka ukuthi zikhokhiswe kahle noma kabi.Amandla angaphezulu komhlaba ayingxenye yamandla angaphezulu, okubangelwa ukukhangwa kwalawa macala phakathi kwama-molecule.
Singagxilisa kalula konke ukusebenzisana okungahlakazi ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kokusebenzelana kwe-polar.
Izakhiwo zokuhlakazeka ze-molecule ziwumsebenzi wobukhulu be-molecule, ikakhulukazi ukuthi mangaki ama-electron nama-proton akhona.Asinakho ukulawula okuningi phezu kwenani lama-electron nama-proton, okukhawulela ikhono lethu lokulawula ingxenye yamandla angaphezulu.
Kodwa-ke, ingxenye ye-polar incike endaweni yama-proton nama-electron-umumo we-molecule.Singashintsha ukusatshalaliswa kwama-electron nama-proton ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha ezifana nokwelashwa kwe-corona nokwelashwa kwe-plasma.Lokhu kufana nendlela esingashintsha ngayo ukuma kwe-block block, kodwa iyohlala igcina ikhwalithi efanayo.
Amandla e-Polar abaluleke kakhulu ngoba ayingxenye yamandla angaphezulu esiwalawulayo lapho senza ukwelashwa okungaphezulu.Ukukhanga i-Dipole-dipole kuyimbangela yokunamathela okuqinile phakathi kokunamathela okuningi, upende noyinki nezindawo.Ngokuhlanzwa, ukwelashwa kwelangabi, ukwelashwa kwe-corona, ukwelashwa kwe-plasma nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lokwelashwa kwendawo, singakwazi ukwandisa ingxenye ye-polar yamandla angaphezulu, ngaleyo ndlela sithuthukise ukunamathela.
Ngokusebenzisa uhlangothi olufanayo lwe-IPA sula kabili endaweni efanayo, izinto ezinamandla kuphela ezingethulwa phezulu ukuze kuncishiswe ngokungenhloso ingxenye ye-polar yamandla angaphezulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, indawo engaphezulu ingase yelashwe ngokweqile, eshintshashintshayo futhi inciphise amandla angaphezulu.Uma ingaphezulu lingakhiqizwa nhlobo, ingxenye ye-polar yamandla angaphezulu nayo izoshintsha.Indawo yokugcina ehlanzekile iheha ama-molecule endaweni, kuhlanganise nezinto zokupakisha.Lokhu kushintsha isimo samangqamuzana angaphezulu futhi kungase kunciphise amandla angaphezulu.
Asikwazi ukulawula ubukhulu bokuhlakazeka.Lawa mandla amisiwe ngokuyisisekelo, futhi kunenzuzo encane ekuzameni ukuguqula amandla okuhlakazeka njengendlela yokulawula ikhwalithi yendawo ukuze kuzuzwe ukunamathela okuthembekile phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza.
Uma siklama noma sishintsha indawo engaphezulu, siklama izici zengxenye ye-polar yamandla angaphezulu.Ngakho-ke, uma sifuna ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokwelapha okungaphezulu ukuze silawule ingaphezulu lempahla, khona-ke sifuna ukulawula ukwakheka kwe-polar kwendawo.
Amandla amahhala angaphezulu ayisamba sawo wonke amandla angawodwana asebenza phakathi kwama-molecule.Kunamanye amafomula wamandla angenawo angaphezulu.Uma sinquma ukuphatha wonke amandla angahlakazi njengamandla e-polar, ukubalwa kwamandla angaphandle akhululekile kulula.Ifomula ithi:
Ekwenziweni kwemikhiqizo enokwethenjelwa, ukwelashwa kwendawo, ukuhlanzwa kanye nokulungiswa, amandla angaphandle amahhala afana namandla angaphezulu.
Ngenxa yezidingo zokukhiqiza ezihilelekile ezinqubweni ezehlukene, ezifana nokusebenza kokunamathela kwelunga, ukunamathela okufanele kukayinki epulasitiki noma ukusebenza kokumboza “kokuzihlanza” esikrinini se-smartphone, konke kuncike ekulawuleni. wezakhiwo ezingaphezulu.Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda amandla angaphezulu njengomphumela womqondo wokukhiqiza.
Amandla angaphezulu avela ezindleleni ezahlukene ama-molecule adonselana ngazo.Ukusebenzisana kwe-polar phakathi kwama-molecule kubaluleke kakhulu kunqubo yokunamathela nokuhlanza, ngoba lokhu kusebenzelana kwezinga lamangqamuzana kuwukusebenzelana kwamangqamuzana esingakulawula kakhulu ngokwelashwa okungaphezulu, ukugaya, ukugcotshwa kwesihlabathi, ukuhlanza, ukusula noma ezinye izindlela zokulungisa indawo .
Ulwazi lwe-polarity kanye nokwakheka kokuhlakazeka kanye nokungezwani kwendawo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izinto zokunamathisela, oyinki kanye nezingubo.Kodwa-ke, emikhiqizweni ekhiqizwa kusetshenziswa ama-adhesives, ama-inki, amapende nama-coatings, ngokuvamile sidinga kuphela ukunaka ingxenye ye-polar yamandla angaphezulu, ngoba yiyona ethintekayo inqubo yokukhiqiza.
Ukulinganisa ingqikithi yamandla angaphezulu kuwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi futhi olunephutha.Nokho, i-engeli yokuthintana yoketshezi olulodwa njengamanzi cishe inqunywa ingxenye ye-polar yamandla angaphezulu.Ngakho-ke, ngokulinganisa i-engeli ekhiqizwa ukuphakama kweconsi lamanzi phezulu, singakwazi ukwazi ngokunemba okumangalisayo ukuthi ingxenye yamandla angaphansi komhlaba ishintsha kanjani.Ngokuvamile, ukuphakama kwamandla angaphezulu, iba yincane i-engeli ebangelwa amaconsi amanzi adonseka kakhulu futhi asakazeke noma amanziswe.Amandla aphansi angaphezulu azobangela amanzi abe buhlalu futhi ashwabane abe amabhamuza amancane phezulu, enze i-engeli yokuthintana enkulu.Ukuvumelana kwalesi silinganiso se-engeli yokuxhumana kuhlobene namandla angaphezulu futhi ngenxa yalokho nokusebenza kokunamathela, okunikeza abakhiqizi indlela ethembekile nephindaphindwayo yokuqinisekisa amandla emikhiqizo yabo.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokulawula inqubo yokukhiqiza ukuze uthole imiphumela ebikezelwe kakhudlwana, landa i-e-book yethu yamahhala: Qinisekisa ukunamathela okubikezelwe ekukhiqizeni ngenqubo.Le e-book ingumhlahlandlela wakho wokucubungula ukuqapha usebenzisa izibalo zokubikezela, inqubo esusa konke ukuqagela mayelana nokugcina ikhwalithi ephezulu kuyo yonke inqubo yokuhlanganisa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-29-2021