Siyabonga ngokuvakashela i-Nature.com.Inguqulo yesiphequluli oyisebenzisayo inosekelo olulinganiselwe lwe-CSS.Ukuze uthole ulwazi olungcono kakhulu, sincoma ukuthi usebenzise isiphequluli esibuyekeziwe (noma ukhubaze i-Compatibility Mode ku-Internet Explorer).Okwamanje, ukuze siqinisekise ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo, sizonikeza isayithi ngaphandle kwezitayela ne-JavaScript.
Kusanda kuboniswa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-ultrasound kwandisa isivuno sezicubu ku-ultrasound-assisted finele aspiration (USeFNAB) uma kuqhathaniswa nokulangazelela inaliti evamile (FNAB).Kuze kube manje, ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-bevel geometry nokunyakaza kwethiphu abukahlolisiswa kahle.Kulolu cwaningo, siphenye izici zokuzwakala kwenaliti kanye nokuchezuka kwe-amplitude yezinaliti ze-bevel geometries ezinobude obuhlukile be-bevel.Isebenzisa i-lancet ye-beveled evamile engu-3.9 mm, i-tip deflection power factor (DPR) emoyeni nasemanzini yayingu-220 no-105 µm/W, ngokulandelanayo.Lokhu kuphakeme kunethiphu ye-axisymmetric 4mm e-beveled, ihlinzeka ngo-180 no-80 µm/W DPR emoyeni nasemanzini, ngokulandelanayo.Lolu cwaningo luqokomisa ukubaluleka kobudlelwane phakathi kokuqina kokugoba kwe-bevel geometry kumongo wezindlela ezihlukene zokufaka, ngakho-ke kungase kunikeze ukuqonda ezindleleni zokulawula isenzo sokusika ngemva kokubhoboza ngokushintsha inaliti ye-bevel geometry, okubalulekile.kuhlelo lokusebenza lwe-USeFNAB lubalulekile.
I-fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) iyindlela yokuthola amasampula ezicubu ze-pathology okusolwa ukuthi1,2,3 kusetshenziswa inaliti.Ithiphu ye-Franseen iboniswe ukuthi ihlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphezulu kokuxilonga kunamacebiso avamile e-lancet4 kanye ne-Menghini5.Imithambeka ye-Axisymmetric (okungukuthi i-circumferential) nayo iyaphakanyiswa ukuze kwandiswe amathuba ezibonelo ezanele ngokwe-histopathologically.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-biopsy, inaliti idluliswa ezingqimbeni zesikhumba nezicubu ukuze kutholakale izilonda ezisolisayo.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi i-ultrasound inganciphisa amandla okungena adingekayo ukuze kufinyelele izicubu ezithambile7,8,9,10.I-needle bevel geometry iboniswe ukuthi ithinte amandla okusebenzisana kwezinaliti, isibonelo, ama-bevel amade aboniswe ukuthi anamandla aphansi okungena kwezicubu11.Ngemva kokuba inaliti ingene ebusweni bethishu, okungukuthi ngemva kokubhoboza, amandla okusika yenaliti angaba ama-75% wamandla okusebenzisana enaliti nethishu12.Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi esigabeni se-post-puncture, i-ultrasound (i-ultrasound) ikhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-biopsy yezicubu ezithambile zokuxilonga.Amanye amasu e-bone biopsy athuthukisiwe enziwe nge-ultrasound ukuze athathe amasampula ezicubu eziqinile, kodwa ayikho imiphumela ebikiwe eyenza ngcono isivuno se-biopsy.Ucwaningo oluningi luphinde lwaqinisekisa ukuthi ukufuduka kwemishini kuyanda lapho kungaphansi kwengcindezi ye-ultrasonic16,17,18.Nakuba kunezifundo eziningi kumandla we-axial (longitudinal) static ekusebenzelaneni kwezicubu senaliti19,20, kunezifundo ezilinganiselwe ku-dynamics yesikhashana kanye nejometri ye-needle bevel ngaphansi kwe-ultrasonic FNAB (USeFNAB).
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuphenya umthelela wamajiyometri e-bevel ahlukene ekuhambeni kwethiphu yenaliti enalithini eqhutshwa ukugoba kwe-ultrasonic.Ikakhulukazi, siphenye umphumela womjovo wokuchezuka kwethiphu yenaliti ngemva kokubhobozwa kwamabeveli enaliti endabuko (okungukuthi, izinaliti ze-USeFNAB ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokulangazelela okukhethekile noma ukutholwa kwezicubu ezithambile.
Amajiyometri e-bevel ahlukahlukene afakiwe kulolu cwaningo.(a) Ukucaciswa kwe-Lancet kuthobelana ne-ISO 7864:201636 lapho \(\alpha\) kuyi-bevel eyinhloko, \(\theta\) iyi-engeli yokuzungezisa ye-bevel yesibili, futhi \(\phi\) iyi-bevel yesibili i-angle., lapho uzungezisa, ngamadigri (\(^\circ\)).(b) Ama-chamfer esinyathelo esisodwa esingasimetric (abizwa ngokuthi “okujwayelekile” kokuthi DIN 13097:201937) kanye (c) nama-Chamfer esinyathelo esisodwa esine-axisymmetric (esiyingi).
Indlela yethu iqala ngokwenza imodeli yoshintsho kubude begagasi obugobayo ku-bevel ye-lancet evamile, i-axisymmetric, ne-asymmetric ye-bevel geometries yesiteji esisodwa.Sibe sesibala ucwaningo lwepharamitha ukuze sihlole umphumela wemithambeka yepayipi nobude ku-fluidity yemishini yokudluliswa.Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kunqunywe ubude obulungile bokwenza inaliti ye-prototype.Ngokusekelwe ekulingiseni, ama-prototypes enaliti enziwa futhi ukuziphatha kwawo okuzwakalayo kwabonakala ngokuhlolwa ngokukala ama-coefficients e-voltage reflection kanye nokubala ukusebenza kahle kokudluliselwa kwamandla emoyeni, emanzini kanye no-10% (w/v) we-ballistic gelatin, lapho kwanqunywa khona imvamisa yokusebenza. .Okokugcina, ukucabanga ngesivinini esikhulu kusetshenziselwa ukukala ngokuqondile ukuchezuka kwegagasi eligobayo esihlokweni senaliti emoyeni nasemanzini, kanye nokulinganisa amandla kagesi alethwa ku-engeli ngayinye etshekile kanye nejometri yesilinganiso samandla okuphambuka ( DPR) endaweni ejovwe..
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 2a, sebenzisa ithubhu yegeji engu-21 (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, ukujiya kodonga lweshubhu 0.155 mm, udonga olujwayelekile) ukuze uchaze ishubhu yenaliti enobude beshubhu (TL) kanye ne-bevel angle (BL) ngokuhambisana ne-ISO. 9626:201621) ku-316 insimbi engagqwali (i-Young's modulus 205 \(\text {GN/m}^{2}\), ukuminyana 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\) kanye ne-Poisson's ratio 0.275).
Ukunqunywa kwe-wavelength egobayo nokushuna kwemodeli yesici esilinganiselwe (i-FEM) yenaliti nezimo zomngcele.(a) Ukunqunywa kobude be-bevel (BL) nobude bepayipi (TL).(b) Imodeli yesici esinqunyelwe esinezinhlangothi ezintathu (3D) (FEM) kusetshenziswa amandla ephoyinti e-harmonic \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\) ukushayela inaliti eduze, ukuchezukisa iphuzu, nokulinganisa isivinini ithiphu (\ ( \tilde {u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) ukubala ukudluliswa kokuqina komshini.\(\lambda _y\) ichazwa njengobude beza obugobayo obuhlobene namandla aqondile \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) Izincazelo zesikhungo samandla adonsela phansi, indawo ephambanayo A, kanye nezikhathi ze-inertia \(I_{xx}\) kanye \(I_{yy}\) ezungeze izimbazo ezingu-x kanye no-y, ngokulandelanayo.
Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni.2b,c, ngenduku engapheli (engapheli) enendawo ephambanayo A futhi kubude begagasi obukhulu kunosayizi wesiqephu sesiqephu somugqa, isivinini sesigaba esigobile (noma esigotshiwe) \( c_{EI }\) sinqunywa ngu-22 :
lapho u-E eyi-modulus ka-Young (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) imvamisa ye-angular ejabulisayo (rad/s), lapho \( f_0 \ ) ifrikhwensi yomugqa (1/s noma i-Hz), ngiyisikhathi se-inertia yendawo ezungeze i-eksisi yentshisekelo\((\text {m}^{4})\), \(m'=\ rho _0 A\ ) yisisindo sobude beyunithi (kg/m), lapho \(\rho _0\) kungukuminyana\((\text {kg/m}^{3})\) kanye no-A eyisiphambano ingxenye yendawo yomgodi (indiza ye-xy) (\(\ umbhalo {m}^{2}\)).Njengoba amandla asetshenziswa esibonelweni sethu ehambisana ne-eksisi ka-y eqondile, okungukuthi \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), sinentshisekelo kuphela kusikhathi sesifunda se-inertia ezungeze i-eksisi x evundlile, okungukuthi \(I_{xx}\), ngakho:
Kumodeli yesici esilinganiselwe (i-FEM), ukufuduka okuhlanzekile kwe-harmonic (m) kuyacatshangelwa, ngakho ukusheshisa (\(\umbhalo {m/s}^{2}\)) uvezwa njengokuthi \(\partial ^2 \vec {u}/ \ ingxenye t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\) njenge \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t): = u_x\vec {i} + u_y\ I-vec {j } + u_z\vec {k}\) iyi-vector yokususa enezinhlangothi ezintathu enikezwe izixhumanisi zendawo.Esikhundleni salokhu kwakamuva, ngokuhambisana nokuqaliswa kwayo kuphakheji yesoftware ye-COMSOL Multiphysics (izinguqulo 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), uhlobo olunomkhawulo lwe-Lagrangian lomthetho webhalansi yomfutho unikezwa kanje:
lapho \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\ partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ \okuyingxenye }{\ partial z}\vec {k}\) i-tensor divergence operator, \({\underline{\sigma}}\) iyi-stress tensor yesibili ye-Piola-Kirchhoff (i-oda lesibili, \(\ umbhalo { N/ m}^{2}\)) kanye \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec {k} \) i-body force vector (\(\text {N/m}^{3}\)) yevolumu ngayinye ekhubazekile, futhi \(e^{j\phi }\) iyivector ye-engeli yesigaba\(\ phi \ ) ( ngijabule).Esimweni sethu, amandla omthamo womzimba awuziro, imodeli yethu ithatha umugqa wejiyomethri kanye nokuguqulwa okuncane okunwebekayo, okungukuthi, lapho \({\ dwebela{\varepsilon}}}^{el}\) kanye \({\ dwebela) {\varepsilon}}\) i-elastic strain kanye nenani eliphelele (i-oda lesibili, elingenasici), ngokulandelanayo.I-Hooke's constitutive isotropic elasticity tensor \(\underline{\underline{C}}\) ihlanganiswa kusetshenziswa imodulus E ye-Young (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)) kanye nesilinganiso sika-Poisson v siyanqunywa, ngakho-ke ie. \(\dwebela{\dwebela{C}}:=\dwebela{\dwebela{C}}(E,v)\) (uhlelo lwesine).Ngakho-ke ukubala kwengcindezi kuba \({\ dwebela{\sigma}} := \dwebela{\ dwebela{C}}:{\ dwebela{\varepsilon}}\).
Isibalo sisebenzisa isici se-tetrahedral enamanodi angu-10 enosayizi we-elementi \(\le\) ongu-8 µm.Inalithi imodelwe ku-vacuum, futhi inani lokuhamba komshini okudlulisiwe (ms-1 N-1) lichazwa ngokuthi \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec { j}|/ |\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, lapho \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) kuyisivinini esiyinkimbinkimbi esikhiphayo socezu lwesandla kanye \( \ tilde I-{F}_y\ vec {j }\) ingamandla okushayela ayinkimbinkimbi atholakala ekugcineni kweshubhu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2b.Humusha i-mechanical fluidity ngama-decibel (dB) usebenzisa inani eliphakeme njengereferensi, okungukuthi \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}|) \ ) .Zonke izifundo ze-FEM zenziwe ngemvamisa ye-29.75 kHz.
Ukwakhiwa kwenaliti (Umfanekiso 3) uqukethe inaliti ye-hypodermic evamile engu-21 gauge (Cat No. 4665643, Sterican\(^\circledR\), ububanzi bangaphandle 0.8 mm, ubude 120 mm, AISI 304 i-chromium-nickel engagqwali. steel , B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) ifakwe umkhono wepulasitiki we-Luer Lock owenziwe nge-polypropylene ekugcineni futhi walungiswa ngokufanele ekugcineni.Ithubhu yenaliti ithengiswa ku-waveguide njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3b.Amagagasi aphrintwe kuphrinta ye-3D yensimbi engagqwali (i-EOS 316L insimbi engagqwali kuphrinta ye-EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) futhi yanamathiselwa kunzwa ye-Langevin kusetshenziswa amabhawodi e-M4.Inzwa ye-Langevin iqukethe ama-elementi eringi ye-piezoelectric angu-8 alayishwe kuzo zombili iziphetho ngobuningi obubili.
Izinhlobo ezine zamathiphu (isithombe), i-lancet etholakalayo kwezohwebo (L) kanye nama-axisymmetric enziwe ama-axisymmetric single-stage bevels (AX1-3) zaziwa ngobude be-bevel (BL) obungu-4, 1.2 no-0.5 mm, ngokulandelana.(a) Ukuvala ithiphu yenaliti eliqediwe.(b) Ukubuka okuphezulu kwezikhonkwane ezine ezithengiswe ku-3D ephrintiwe i-waveguide yase ixhunywa kunzwa ye-Langevin ngamabhawodi e-M4.
Amathiphu amathathu e-axisymmetric bevel (Fig. 3) akhiqizwa (i-TAs Machine Tools Oy) enobude be-bevel (BL, njengoba kuchazwe ku-Fig. 2a) ka-4.0, 1.2 kanye no-0.5 mm, okuhambisana ne-\(\ approx) 2 \(^ \ circ\), 7\(^\circ\) kanye 18\(^\circ\) ngokulandelana.Isisindo se-waveguide nenaliti ngu-3.4 ± 0.017 g (okusho ± sd, n = 4) kuma-bevel L kanye ne-AX1-3, ngokulandelanayo (Quintix\(^\circledR\) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany) .Kuma-bevel we-L kanye ne-AX1-3 ku-Figure 3b, ubude obuphelele ukusuka esihlokweni senaliti ukuya ekugcineni komkhono wepulasitiki babungu-13.7, 13.3, 13.3, no-13.3 cm, ngokulandelana.
Kukho konke ukucushwa kwezinaliti, ubude ukusuka esihlokweni senaliti ukuya esihlokweni se-waveguide (okungukuthi, ukuya endaweni yokushisela) babungu-4.3 cm, futhi ishubhu yenaliti laliqondiswe ngokusikwa phezulu (okungukuthi, ngokuhambisana ne-eksisi engu-Y) , njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni.c (Fig. 2).
Umbhalo wangokwezifiso ku-MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) osebenza kukhompuyutha (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) wasetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukushanela kwe-sinusoidal kusuka ku-25 kuya ku-35 kHz imizuzwana engu-7, ukudlulisa Isiguquli sedijithali-kuya-analogi (DA) (i-Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA) siguqulela kusignali ye-analog.Isignali ye-analog \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) yabe isikhuliswa ngesandisi-lizwi esizinikezele serediyo (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).I-voltage amplified ewayo \({V_I}\) isuka ku-RF amplifier ene-impedance ephumayo engu-50 ohms ifakwa kusiguquli esakhelwe esakhiweni senaliti esinokuphazamiseka kokufaka okungu-50 ohms.Ama-transducer e-Langevin (ama-transducers angaphambili nangemuva ane-heavy-duty multilayer piezoelectric) asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amaza ayimishini.I-amplifier ye-RF yangokwezifiso ifakwe imitha ye-dual-channel stand wave power factor (SWR) erekhoda isigameko \({V_I}\) kanye ne-amplified voltage\(V_R\) kumodi ye-analog-to-digital (AD).ngesilinganiso sesampula esingu-300 kHz Converter (i-analogue Discovery 2).Isiginali yenjabulo i-amplitude eshintshiwe ekuqaleni nasekupheleni ukuze kuvinjwe ukugcwala ngokweqile okokufaka kwe-amplifier ngezidlulayo.
Kusetshenziswa umbhalo wangokwezifiso osetshenziswe ku-MATLAB, umsebenzi we-frequency response (FRF), okungukuthi \(\tilde{H}(f)\), ulinganiselwe ngokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi kusetshenziswa indlela yokulinganisa ye-sinusoidal yeziteshi ezimbili (Fig. 4), ethatha umugqa ngesikhathi.uhlelo olungaguquki.Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihlungi sokudlula sebhendi esingu-20 kuya ku-40 kHz sisetshenziswa ukuze kususwe noma yimaphi amaza angafuneki kusiginali.Uma kukhulunywa ngethiyori yemigqa yokudlulisa, kulesi simo \(\tilde{H}(f)\) ilingana ne-voltage reflection coefficient, okungukuthi \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I}\) ) \) incipha ibe ngu-\({V_R}^ 2 /{V_I}^2\ ) kulingana \(|\rho _{V}|^2\).Ezimeni lapho amanani aphelele wamandla kagesi edingeka, amandla esigameko \(P_I\) namandla abonisiwe \(P_R\) amandla (W) abalwa ngokuthatha inani le-rms (rms) levoltheji ehambisanayo, isibonelo.olayini wokudlulisela onesinusoidal excitation \( P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, lapho \(Z_0\) ilingana no-50 \(\Omega\).Amandla kagesi anikezwa umthwalo \(P_T\) (okungukuthi, into esetshenziswayo efakiwe) angabalwa ngokuthi \(|P_I – P_R |\) (W RMS), kanye nokusebenza kahle kokudlulisa amandla (PTE) kanye nephesenti ( %) kunganqunywa ukuthi umumo unikezwa kanjani, ngakho-ke 27:
Amafrikhwensi e-acicular modal \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) kanye nezici zawo ezihambisanayo zokudlulisa amandla \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{1{-}3} \) abe eselinganiswa kusetshenziswa i-FRF.I-FWHM (\(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) ilinganiselwa ngokuqondile \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), kusukela kuThebula 1 A uhlangothi olulodwa i-spectrum yomugqa itholakala ku-modal frequency echazwe \(f_{1-3}\).
Ukukalwa kwe-frequency response (AFC) yezakhiwo yenaliti.Isilinganiso sokushanela samashaneli amabili e-sinusoidal25,38 sisetshenziswa ukuthola umsebenzi wokuphendula imvamisa \(\tilde{H}(f)\) kanye nempendulo yawo yomfutho H(t).\({\mathcal {F}}\) kanye \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) imelela ukuguqulwa kwe-Fourier kokufinyezwa kwedijithali nokuphambene kwayo, ngokulandelana.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) isho umkhiqizo wamasignali amabili kusizinda samafrikhwensi, isb \(\tilde{G}_{XrX}\) isho umkhiqizo wokuskena okuphambene\(\tilde{ X} r (f)\ ) kanye ne-voltage yehlise \(\tilde{X}(f)\) ngokulandelanayo.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5, ikhamera enesivinini esikhulu (i-Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., NJ, USA) ifakwe ilensi enkulu (MP-E 65mm, \(f\)/2.8, 1-5\).(\izikhathi\), Canon Inc., Tokyo, Japan), ukurekhoda ukuchezuka kwethiphu phakathi nenjabulo yokugoba (imvamisa eyodwa, i-sinusoid eqhubekayo) kumafrikhwensi angu-27.5-30 kHz.Ukwakha imephu yesithunzi, ingxenye epholile ye-LED emhlophe enamandla (ingxenye yenombolo: 4052899910881, i-LED emhlophe, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Germany) yabekwa ngemuva kwesihloko senaliti.
Ukubuka ngaphambili kokusethwa kokuhlola.Ukujula kukalwa kusuka endaweni ephakathi nendawo.Isakhiwo senaliti siboshiwe futhi sibekwe etafuleni lokudlulisa elinenjini.Sebenzisa ikhamera enesivinini esikhulu ngelensi yokukhulisa kakhulu (5\(\x\)) ukuze ulinganise ukuchezuka kwe-oblique angle.Zonke izilinganiso zingamamilimitha.
Ohlotsheni ngalunye lwe-bevel yenaliti, siqophe amafreyimu angu-300 ekhamera enesivinini esikhulu ekala amaphikseli angu-128 \(\x\) 128, ngalinye linokulungiswa kwendawo okungu-1/180 mm (\(\approx) 5 µm), ukulungiswa kwesikhashana kwamafreyimu angu-310,000 ngomzuzwana.Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 6, uhlaka ngalunye (1) lunqanyuliwe (2) kangangokuthi ichopho lenaliti lisemugqa wokugcina (phansi) wohlaka, futhi i-histogram yesithombe (3) iyabalwa, ngakho i-Canny ama-threshold ka-1 no-2 anganqunywa.Bese usebenzisa ukutholwa kwe-Canny edge 28(4) ngo-opharetha we-Sobel 3 \(\izikhathi\) 3 bese ubala izindawo zamaphikseli angewona awe-hypotenuse (afakwe ilebula ethi \(\mathbf {\times }\)) ngaphandle kwe-cavitation izinyathelo zesikhathi ezingu-300.Ukuze unqume ububanzi bokuchezuka kwethiphu, bala ophumayo (usebenzisa i-algorithm yomehluko omaphakathi) (6) futhi unqume uhlaka (7) oluqukethe ukweqisa kwasendaweni (okungukuthi ukuphakama) kokuchezuka.Ngemva kokuhlolwa okubonakalayo konqenqema olungenayo i-cavitation, ipheya yozimele (noma ozimele ababili abanesikhawu sesigamu sesikhathi) bakhethwa (7) futhi ukuchezuka kwethiphu kukalwa (kuchazwa ngokuthi \(\mathbf {\times } } \)).Okungenhla kusetshenziswa ku-Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) kusetshenziswa i-algorithm ye-OpenCV Canny edge yokuthola (v4.5.1, umtapo wolwazi wekhompyutha womthombo ovulekile, opencv.org).Okokugcina, isici samandla okuchezuka (DPR, µm/W) sibalwa njengesilinganiso sokuchezuka kwepeak-to-peak kumandla kagesi adlulisiwe \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Kusetshenziswa i-algorithm yezinyathelo eziyisi-7 (1-7), okuhlanganisa ukunqampuna (1-2), ukutholwa konqenqema lwe-Canny (3-4), ukubala, ikala ukuma kwephikseli yonqenqema lokuchezuka lwethiphu kusetshenziswa uchungechunge lwamafreyimu athathwe ku-high- ikhamera yesivinini ku-310 kHz ( 5) kanye nokuphuma kwayo kwesikhathi (6), futhi, ekugcineni, ibanga lokuchezuka kwethiphu likalwa ngamapheya abhekwayo ozimele (7).
Kukalwa emoyeni (22.4-22.9°C), amanzi akhishiwe (20.8-21.5°C) no-10% (w/v) i-aqueous ballistic gelatin (19.7-23.0°C , \(\text {Honeywell}^{\ text { TM}}\) \(\umbhalo {Fluka}^{\umbhalo {TM}}\) IGelatin yeBovine nePork Bone ye-Type I Ballistic Analysis, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).Izinga lokushisa likalwe nge-K-type thermocouple amplifier (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) kanye ne-K-type thermocouple (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Sebenzisa isiteji se-Z-axis esime ume mpo (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) ukuze ulinganise ukujula kusuka endaweni yemidiya (emiswe njengomsuka we-Z-eksisi) ngokulungiswa okungu-5 µm ngesinyathelo ngasinye.
Njengoba usayizi wesampula wawumncane (n = 5) futhi ukujwayelekile kwakungeke kucatshangwe, ukuhlolwa kwesamba sesamba sezinga le-Wilcoxon elinemisila emibili elinemisila emibili (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project.org) kwasetshenziswa. ukuqhathanisa inani lethiphu yenaliti ehlukile yama-bevel ahlukahlukene.Ukuqhathaniswa okuthathu kwemithambeka ngayinye, ngakho ukulungiswa kwe-Bonferroni kwasetshenziswa ngezinga lokubaluleka elilungisiwe elingu-0.017 kanye nezinga lephutha elingu-5%.
Kubhekiselwa ku-Fig. 7 ngezansi.Ku-29.75 kHz, ubude begagasi obuyingxenye egobile (\(\lambda _y/2\)) senaliti yegeji engu-21 ngu-\(\ cishe) 8 mm.Ubude begagasi obugobayo buyancipha emthambekeni njengoba isondela ekugcineni.Ephuzwini elithi \(\lambda _y/2\) kukhona ama-bevel anyathelwe angu-3, 1 kanye no-7 mm, ngokulandelanayo, kuma-lancets ajwayelekile (a), asymmetric (b) kanye ne-axisymmetric (c).Ngakho-ke, lokhu kusho ukuthi i-lancet izohluka ngo-(\ mayelana\) 5 mm (ngenxa yokuthi izindiza ezimbili ze-lancet zakha iphuzu le-29.30), i-asymmetrical slope izohluka ngo-7 mm, kanye nomthambeko we-symmetrical. ngo 1 mm.Imithambeka ye-axisymmetric (isikhungo sokudonsela phansi sihlala siyafana, ngakho-ke ubukhulu bodonga kuphela obushintshayo emthambekeni).
Ukusetshenziswa kocwaningo lwe-FEM ku-29.75 kHz kanye nesibalo.(1) Bala ukushintsha kwegagasi elinguhhafu eligobayo (\(\lambda _y/2\)) ku-lancet (a), i-asymmetric (b) ne-axisymmetric (c) i-oblique geometry (njengakuFig. 1a,b,c).).Isilinganiso \(\lambda_y/2\) semithambeka ye-lancet, i-asymmetric, ne-axisymmetric ngu-5.65, 5.17, no-7.52 mm, ngokulandelanayo.Qaphela ukuthi ukujiya kwethiphu yama-asymmetric nama-axisymmetric bevels kukhawulelwe kokuthi \(\approx) 50 µm.
Ukuhamba okuphezulu \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) kuyinhlanganisela yobude obufanele beshubhu (TL) nobude bokuthambeka (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).Nge-lancet evamile, njengoba ubukhulu bayo buhleliwe, i-TL elungile \(\ approx\) 29.1 mm (Fig. 8).Ngemithambeka e-asymmetric ne-axisymmetric (Fig. 9a, b, ngokulandelana), ucwaningo lwe-FEM lwaluhlanganisa i-BL ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-7 mm, ngakho ububanzi obulungile be-TL babusuka ku-26.9 ukuya ku-28.7 mm (ububanzi obungu-1.8 mm) futhi busuka ku-27.9 ukuya ku-29.2 mm (ububanzi (ububanzi) 1.3 mm).)), ngokulandelana.Ngemithambeka ye-asymmetric (Fig. 9a), i-TL elungile ikhuphuke ngokulandelana, ifinyelela ithafa ku-BL 4 mm, bese yehla kakhulu isuka ku-BL 5 kuya ku-7 mm.Ngemithambeka ye-axisymmetric (Fig. 9b), i-TL elungile inyuka ngokuhambisana nobude be-BL futhi ekugcineni izinzile ku-BL isuka ku-6 iye ku-7 mm.Ucwaningo olunwetshiwe lwemithambeka ye-axisymmetric (Umfanekiso 9c) lubonise isethi ehlukile yama-TL alungile atholakala \(\ cishe) 35.1–37.1 mm.Kuwo wonke ama-BL, ibanga eliphakathi kwamasethi amabili ama-TL alungile lingu-\(\approx\) 8 mm (elilingana nokuthi \(\lambda _y/2\)).
Ukuhamba kokudluliselwa kwe-Lancet ku-29.75 kHz.Ithubhu yenaliti yaguquguquka ngemvamisa ye-29.75 kHz, ukudlidliza kukalwa ekugcineni futhi kwavezwa njengenani lokuhamba komshini okudluliselwa (dB ngokuhlobene nenani eliphakeme) le-TL 26.5-29.5 mm (isinyathelo esingu-0.1 mm).
Izifundo ze-Parametric ze-FEM ngemvamisa ye-29.75 kHz zibonisa ukuthi ukuhamba kokudluliselwa kwephuzu le-axisymmetric akuthintwa kancane yizinguquko ubude bethubhu kunomlingani wayo we-asymmetric.Izifundo zobude be-bevel (BL) nobude bepayipi (TL) be-asymmetric (a) ne-axisymmetric (b, c) bevel geometries ezifundweni zesizinda semvamisa kusetshenziswa i-FEM (izimo zomngcele ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 2).(a, b) I-TL isukela ku-26.5 kuya ku-29.5 mm (isinyathelo esingu-0.1 mm) kanye ne-BL 1-7 mm (isinyathelo esingu-0.5 mm).(c) Ukufundwa kwe-engeli etshekile ye-axisymmetric enwetshiwe okuhlanganisa i-TL 25-40mm (isinyathelo esingu-0.05mm) kanye no-0.1-7mm (isinyathelo esingu-0.1mm) esiveza isilinganiso esidingekayo \(\lambda_y/2\) Izimo zomngcele ezihambayo ezixegayo zethiphu ziyaneliswa.
Isakhiwo senaliti sinamafrikhwensi amathathu emvelo \(f_{1-3}\) ahlukaniswe abe izifunda eziphansi, eziphakathi nendawo neziphakeme njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1. Usayizi we-PTE ukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 10 bese uhlaziywa kuMfanekiso 11. Ngezansi kukhona imiphumela yendawo ngayinye yemodeli:
Ama-amplitudes ajwayelekile arekhodiwe asheshayo okudlulisa amandla (i-PTE) atholwe kusetshenziswa i-sinusoidal excitation enefrikhwensi eshanelwe ekujuleni okungu-20 mm kwe-lancet (L) kanye nemithambeka ye-axisymmetric AX1-3 emoyeni, emanzini ne-gelatin.Kuboniswa i-spectrum yohlangothi olulodwa.Impendulo yefrikhwensi elinganisiwe (isilinganiso sesampula esingu-300 kHz) yahlungwa ngokuphasiswa okuphansi kwase yehliswa nge-factory engu-200 ukuze kuhlaziywe i-modal.Isilinganiso sesignali-kumsindo ngu-\(\le\) 45 dB.Isigaba se-PTE (umugqa wamachashazi onsomi) siboniswa ngamadigri (\(^{\circ}\)).
Ukuhlaziywa kwempendulo ye-modal kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 10 (okusho ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okungu-±, n = 5) kwemithambeka engu-L ne-AX1-3 emoyeni, emanzini, kanye ne-gelatin engu-10% (ukujula okungama-20 mm) enezifunda ezintathu (eziphansi) , medium, high).), kanye namaza ahambisanayo emodali\(f_{1-3}\) (kHz), (isilinganiso) ukusebenza kahle kwamandla\(\umbhalo {PTE}_{1{-}3 }\) usebenzisa izilinganiso zokuklama.(4) kanye (phansi) ububanzi obugcwele obuyingxenye yenani eliphakeme elilinganisiwe \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), ngokulandelanayo.Qaphela ukuthi uma urekhoda i-PTE ephansi, okungukuthi esimweni semithambeka ye-AX2, isilinganiso somkhawulokudonsa siyashiywa, \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\).Imodi \(f_2\) ibhekwa njengefaneleka kakhulu ukuqhathanisa ukuchezuka kwezindiza ezithambekele, njengoba ibonisa izinga eliphezulu lokudluliswa kwamandla ngendlela ephumelelayo (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), kuze kufike ku 99%.
Isifunda semodeli yokuqala: \(f_1\) ayincikile kakhulu ohlotsheni lwemidiya olufakiwe, kodwa incike ku-bevel geometry.\(f_1\) yehla ngokuncipha kobude be-bevel (27.1, 26.2 kanye no-25.9 kHz ku-AX1-3, ngokulandelana, emoyeni).Izilinganiso zesifunda \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{1}\) kanye \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\) ngu-\(\approx\) 81% kanye no-230 Hz ngokulandelanayo.\(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\) ubuphakeme kakhulu ku-gelatin usuka ku-Lancet (L, 473 Hz).Qaphela ukuthi \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{1}\) we-AX2 ku-gelatin awukwazi ukulinganiswa ngenxa yobukhulu obuphansi bezimpendulo zemvamisa ezibikiwe.
Isifunda se-modal yesibili: \(f_2\) sincike ohlotsheni lokunamathisela nemidiya ye-bevel.Emoyeni, emanzini ne-gelatin, amanani \(f_2\) amaphakathi ngu-29.1, 27.9 kanye no-28.5 kHz, ngokulandelanayo.I-PTE yalesi sifunda se-modal iphinde yafinyelela ku-99%, ephakeme kakhulu kuwo wonke amaqembu okulinganisa, ngesilinganiso sesifunda esingu-84%.Isilinganiso sendawo \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{2}\) ngu-\(\approx\) 910 Hz.
Isifunda semodeli yesithathu: \(f_3\) Imvamisa incike ohlotsheni lwendawo yokufaka ne-bevel.Amanani \(f_3\) amaphakathi ngu-32.0, 31.0 kanye no-31.3 kHz emoyeni, emanzini nasegelatin, ngokulandelana.\(\umbhalo {PTE}_{3}\) unesilinganiso sesifunda esingu- \(\ cishe\) 74%, esiphansi kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isifunda.Isilinganiso sesifunda \(\umbhalo {FWHM}_{3}\) ngu-\(\approximately\) 1085 Hz, ephakeme kunesifunda sokuqala nesesibili.
Okulandelayo kubhekise ku-Fig.12 kanye neThebula 2. I-lancet (L) ichezuke kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuwo wonke amathiphu, \(p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), yazuza i-DPR ephezulu kakhulu (kufika ku-220 µm/ W emoyeni). 12 kanye neThebula 2. I-lancet (L) ichezuke kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kuwo wonke amathiphu, \(p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), yazuza i-DPR ephezulu kakhulu (kufika ku-220 µm/ W emoyeni). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 kanye ne-таблице 2. Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (с высокой значимостью для , в конге, 7) воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Okulandelayo kusebenza kuMfanekiso 12 kanye neThebula 2. I-Lancet (L) iphambuke kakhulu (ngokubaluleka okuphezulu kwawo wonke amathiphu, \(p<\) 0.017) kokubili emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), ifinyelela i-DPR ephezulu kakhulu.(kufika ku-220 μm/W emoyeni).Kubhekiselwa kuMdwebo 12 kanye neThebula lesi-2 ngezansi.柳叶刀(L) 在空气和水中（图12a）中偏转最大（对所有尖端具有高度意义，\(p<\) 0.017 秀珍 经纰纰红红红红树）高达220 µm/W)I-柳叶刀(L) inokuchezuka okuphezulu kakhulu emoyeni nasemanzini (图12a) (对所述尖端是对尖端是是电影,\(p<\) 0.017), futhi izuze i-DPR ephezulu kakhulu (efika ku-220 µm/ W emoyeni). Ланцет (L) имеет наибольшее отклонение (весьма значимое для всех наконечников, \(p<\) 0,017) в воздухе и воде (рис 0 мкм/Вт в воздухе). I-Lancet (L) inokuchezuka okukhulu kakhulu (okubaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke amathiphu, \(p<\) 0.017) emoyeni nasemanzini (Fig. 12a), ifinyelela ku-DPR ephakeme kakhulu (kufika ku-220 µm/W emoyeni). Emoyeni, i-AX1 eyayine-BL ephakeme, iphambukile phezulu kune-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka, \(p<\) 0.017), kuyilapho i-AX3 (eyayine-BL ephansi) iphambukise ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR engu-190 µm/W. Emoyeni, i-AX1 eyayine-BL ephakeme, iphambukile phezulu kune-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka, \(p<\) 0.017), kuyilapho i-AX3 (eyayine-BL ephansi) iphambukise ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR engu-190 µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самлон BLня зким BLня ним) I-X2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Emoyeni, i-AX1 ene-BL ephakeme ichezuke ngaphezu kwe-AX2–3 (ngokubaluleka \(p<\) 0.017), kuyilapho i-AX3 (ene-BL ephansi) iphambukise ngaphezu kwe-AX2 nge-DPR 190 µm/W.在空气中，具有较高BL的AX1 偏转高于AX2-3（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有最D1D 2017D µm/W. Emoyeni, ukuchezuka kwe-AX1 ene-BL ephezulu kuphezulu kunalokho kwe-AX2-3 (kakhulu, \(p<\) 0.017), futhi ukuchezuka kwe-AX3 (ene-BL ephansi) iphakeme kunaleyo ye-AX2, i-DPR ingu-190 µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL имеет большее отклонение, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (с самым BLым нио), чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Emoyeni, i-AX1 ene-BL ephezulu inokuchezuka okukhulu kune-AX2-3 (okubalulekile, \(p<\) 0.017), kuyilapho i-AX3 (ene-BL ephansi) inokuchezuka okukhulu kune-AX2 ene-DPR engu-190 μm/W. Emanzini angu-20 mm, awukho umehluko obalulekile (\(p>\) 0.017) otholwe ekuphambukeni kanye ne-PTE ye-AX1–3. Emanzini angu-20 mm, awukho umehluko obalulekile (\(p>\) 0.017) otholwe ekuphambukeni kanye ne-PTE ye-AX1–3. В воде на глубине 20 мм достоверных различий (\(p>\) 0,017) по прогибу и ФТР для AX1–3 не обнаружено. Emanzini ekujuleni okungama-20 mm, umehluko obalulekile (\(p>\) 0.017) ekuphambukeni kanye ne-FTR yatholwa ku-AX1–3.在20 mm 的水中，AX1-3 的挠度和PTE 没有显着差异(\(p>\) 0.017). Ku-20 mm wamanzi, awukho umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwe-AX1-3 ne-PTE (\(p>\) 0.017). На глубине 20 мм прогиб and PTE AX1-3 существенно не отличались (\(p>\) 0,017). Ekujuleni okungu-20 mm ukuchezuka kanye ne-PTE AX1-3 akuzange kuhluke kakhulu (\(p>\) 0.017).Amazinga we-PTE emanzini (90.2-98.4%) ngokuvamile ayephakeme kune-air (56-77.5%) (Fig. 12c), futhi i-phenomenon of cavitation yaphawulwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamanzi (Fig. 13, bheka futhi okwengeziwe ulwazi).
Izilinganiso ze-amplitude zokugoba ithiphu (kusho ukuchezuka okujwayelekile okungu-±, n = 5) kuma-chamfers we-L kanye ne-AX1-3 emoyeni nasemanzini (ukujula okungu-20 mm) kwembula umphumela wokushintsha i-chamfer geometry.Izilinganiso zitholwa kusetshenziswa i-excitation single frequency sinusoidal excitation.(a) Ukuchezuka okuphezulu (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) ku-vertex, kukalwa kokuthi (b) amafrikhwensi emodi yawo ngokulandelana \(f_2\).(c) Ukusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwamandla (PTE, rms, %) njengezibalo.(4) kanye (d) Isici samandla okuchezuka (DPR, µm/W) sibalwa njengokuchezuka okuphezulu namandla okudlulisa \(P_T\) (Wrms).
Isiqephu esivamile sesithunzi sekhamera enesivinini esikhulu esibonisa ukuchezuka okuphelele kwethiphu ye-lancet (imigqa enamachashazi aluhlaza nabomvu) ye-lancet (L) kanye nethiphu ye-axisymmetric (AX1-3) emanzini (ukushona okungu-20mm), umjikelezo oyingxenye, imvamisa yokushayela \(f_2\) (imvamisa 310 kHz isampula).Isithombe esimpunga esithwetshuliwe sinezilinganiso zamaphikiseli angu-128×128 ezinosayizi wephikseli \(\ cishe) 5 µm.Ividiyo ingatholakala olwazini olwengeziwe.
Ngakho-ke, silinganise ukuguqulwa kwe-wavelength egobayo (Fig. 7) futhi sibala ukuhamba kwemishini ukuze kudluliselwe inhlanganisela evamile ye-lanceolate, i-asymmetric, ne-axial yobude be-tube kanye ne-bevel (Fig. 8, 9).I-Symmetrical beveled geometry.Ngokusekelwe kokugcina, silinganisele ibanga eliphelele lethiphu-kuya-weld libe ngu-43 mm (noma \(\approx\) 2.75\(\lambda_y\) ku-29.75 kHz) njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5, futhi sakha ama-axisymmetric ama-axisymmetric amathathu ubude be-bevel obuhlukene.Sibe sesiphawula izimpendulo zabo zemvamisa uma kuqhathaniswa nama-lancets avamile emoyeni, emanzini, kanye no-10% (w/v) i-gelatin ye-ballistic (Izibalo 10, 11) futhi sanquma icala elingcono kakhulu lokuqhathanisa imodi ye-tilt deflection.Ekugcineni, silinganise ukuchezuka kwethiphu ngokugoba igagasi emoyeni nasemanzini ekujuleni okungu-20 mm futhi salinganisela ukusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwamandla (PTE, %) kanye nesici samandla achezukayo (DPR, µm/W) sendawo ejovwe yokutsheka ngakunye.uhlobo (Fig. 12).
Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-axis etshekile yejometri ithinta ukuchezuka kwe-amplitude ye-tip axis.I-lancet yayine-curvature ephakeme kakhulu kanye ne-DPR ephakeme kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-axisymmetric bevel, kuyilapho i-axisymmetric bevel yayinokuchezuka okuncane kwencazelo (Fig. 12). I-axi-symmetric 4 mm bevel (AX1) enobude be-bevel ende kakhulu, izuze ukuchezuka okuphakeme ngokwezibalo emoyeni (\(p <0.017\), Ithebula 2), uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinaliti ze-axi-symmetric (AX2–3), kodwa akukho mehluko ophawulekayo owabonwa, lapho inaliti ifakwa emanzini. I-axi-symmetric 4 mm bevel (AX1) enobude be-bevel ende kakhulu, izuze ukuchezuka okuphakeme ngokwezibalo emoyeni (\(p <0.017\), Ithebula 2), uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinaliti ze-axi-symmetric (AX2–3), kodwa akukho mehluko ophawulekayo owabonwa, lapho inaliti ifakwa emanzini. Осесимметричный скос 4 мм (AX1), имеющий наибольшую длину скоса, достиг статистически значимого наибольшего отклонения отклонения отклонения отклонения в 0, отклонения в воз1(2) внению с другими осесимметричными иглами (AX2–3). I-axisymmetric bevel 4 mm (AX1), enobude be-bevel ende kakhulu, izuze ukuchezuka okukhulu ngokwezibalo okukhulu emoyeni (\(p <0.017\), Ithebula 2) uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinaliti ze-axisymmetric (AX2–3).kodwa umehluko ophawulekayo awuzange ubonwe lapho kufakwa inaliti emanzini.与其他轴对称针(AX2-3) 相比，具有最长斜角长度的轴对称4 mm 斜角(AX1) 在空气中官现(\(p <0.017\),表2)，但当将针头放入水中时，没有观察到显着差异。 Uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinaliti ezilinganisa nge-axially (AX2-3), ine-engeli etshekile ende kunazo zonke engu-4 mm axially symmetrical (AX1) emoyeni, futhi izuze ukuchezuka okukhulu ngokwezibalo okukhulu (\(p <0.017\), Ithebula 2) , kodwa lapho inaliti ifakwa emanzini, awukho umehluko ophawulekayo owabonwa. Осесимметричный скос 4 мм (AX1) с наибольшей длиной скоса обеспечивает статистически значимое максимальное отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение отклонение вюздупечивает статистически значимое максимальное отклонение отклонение отклонение вюздупечивает статистическ ыми иглами (AX2-3) (\(p < 0,017\), таблица 2), но существенной разницы не было. I-axisymmetric slope enobude beslophu omude kakhulu obungu-4 mm (AX1) inikeze ukuchezuka okukhulu okuphawulekayo kwezibalo emoyeni uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amathambeka e-axisymmetric (AX2-3) (\(p <0.017\), Ithebula 2), kodwa kwakungekho umehluko omkhulu.kubonakala lapho inaliti ifakwa emanzini.Ngakho-ke, ubude be-bevel ende abunazo izinzuzo ezisobala mayelana nokuphambuka kwethiphu eliphakeme.Ukucabangela lokhu, kuvela ukuthi i-geometry ye-slope, ephenywa kulolu cwaningo, inethonya elikhulu ekuphambukeni kwe-amplitude kunobude bomthambeko.Lokhu kungahlotshaniswa nokuqina kokugoba, isibonelo, kuye ngokuthi impahla igobile kanye nobukhulu benaliti yokwakha.
Ezifundweni zokuhlola, ubukhulu begagasi eliguquguqukayo elibonisiwe lithintwa izimo zomngcele wethiphu.Lapho ithiphu yenaliti ifakwa emanzini ne-gelatin, \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{2}\) wenza isilinganiso \(\approx\) 95% futhi \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) yenza isilinganiso samanani kungu-73% no-77% (\umbhalo {PTE}_{1}\) kanye \(\umbhalo {PTE}_{3}\), ngokulandelanayo (Fig. 11).Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukudluliswa okuphezulu kwamandla e-acoustic endaweni yokulingisa (isibonelo, amanzi noma i-gelatin) kwenzeka kokuthi \(f_2\).Ukuziphatha okufanayo kuye kwabonwa ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini kusetshenziswa izakhiwo zedivayisi ezilula kumafrikhwensi angu-41-43 kHz, lapho ababhali babonise khona i-coefficient yokubonisa i-voltage ehlotshaniswa nemodulus yomshini we-medium intercalated.Ukujula kokungena32 kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zethishu kunikeza umthwalo wemishini yenaliti ngakho-ke kulindeleke ukuthi kube nomthelela ekuziphatheni okuzwakalayo kwe-UZeFNAB.Ngakho-ke, ama-algorithms okulandelela i-resonance afana no-17, 18, 33 angasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa amandla omsindo olethwa ngothi lokuloba.
Imodeli ye-wavelength egobile (Fig. 7) ibonisa ukuthi i-axisymmetric inokuqina kwesakhiwo okuphezulu (okungukuthi ukuqina okugoba okuphezulu) phezulu kune-lancet ne-asymmetric bevel.Kususelwa ku-(1) nokusebenzisa ubudlelwano obaziwayo be-velocity-frequency, silinganisela ukuqina okugobayo kwelancethi, amathiphu asymmetric kanye ne-axisymmetric njengemithambeka \(\ cishe) 200, 20 kanye no-1500 MPa, ngokulandelanayo.Lokhu kuhambisana ne-(\lambda _y\) 5.3, 1.7 kanye no-14.2 mm ku-29.75 kHz, ngokulandelanayo (Fig. 7a–c).Uma kucatshangelwa ukuphepha komtholampilo kwenqubo ye-USeFNAB, umthelela wejometri ekuqina komklamo we-bevel udinga ukuhlolwa34.
Ucwaningo lwamapharamitha we-bevel nobude beshubhu (Umfanekiso 9) lubonise ukuthi ububanzi be-TL obulungile be-asymmetric (1.8 mm) buphakeme kune-axisymmetric bevel (1.3 mm).Ukwengeza, i-mobility plateau isukela ku-4 kuya ku-4.5 mm futhi isuka ku-6 kuya ku-7 mm ye-asymmetric kanye ne-axisymmetric tilt, ngokulandelanayo (Fig. 9a, b).Ukufaneleka kwalokhu okutholakele kuvezwa ekubekezeleni kokukhiqiza, isibonelo, uhla oluphansi lwe-TL elungile lungase lusho isidingo sokunemba kobude obuphakeme.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isiteji sokukhiqiza sinikeza ukubekezelelana okukhulu kokukhethwa kobude be-slope ngemvamisa enikeziwe ngaphandle kokuthinta kakhulu isivuno.
Ucwaningo lubandakanya imikhawulo elandelayo.Ukulinganisa okuqondile kokuchezuka kwenaliti kusetshenziswa ukutholwa konqenqema nokuthwebula isithombe ngesivinini esikhulu (Umfanekiso 12) kusho ukuthi sikhawulelwe kumidiya ebonisa ngale njengomoya namanzi.Singathanda futhi ukuveza ukuthi asizange sisebenzise ukuhlolwa ukuze sihlole ukuhamba kokudlulisa okulingiswayo futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, kodwa sasebenzisa izifundo ze-FEM ukuze sinqume ubude obufanele benaliti ekhiqiziwe.Ngokombono wokulinganiselwa okusebenzayo, ubude be-lancet kusuka phezulu kuya kumkhono buyi-0.4 cm ubude kunezinye izinaliti (AX1-3), bheka umkhiwane.3b.Lokhu kungenzeka kuthinte impendulo ye-modal yesakhiwo se-acicular.Ukwengeza, ukwakheka kanye nevolumu ye-waveguide lead solder (bheka Umfanekiso 3) kungathinta i-impedance yemishini yomklamo wephini, okuholela emaphutha ekuvimbeni komshini kanye nokuziphatha kokugoba.
Okokugcina, sibonise ngokuhlolwa ukuthi i-bevel geometry ithinta inani lokuphambuka ku-USeFNAB.Ezimweni lapho i-amplitude ephakeme yokuchezuka ingaba nomthelela omuhle kumphumela yenaliti esicutshini, ngokwesibonelo, ukusika ukusebenza kahle ngemuva kokubhoboza, i-lancet evamile inganconywa ku-USeFNAB, ngoba inikeza i-amplitude enkulu kakhulu yokuphambuka ngenkathi igcina ukuqina okwanele. ekupheleni komklamo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi ukuchezuka okukhulu kwethiphu kungathuthukisa imiphumela yebhayoloji efana ne-cavitation, engasiza ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zokusebenza zokungenelela kokuhlinzwa okungenakuhlasela kancane.Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwengqikithi yamandla e-acoustic kukhonjisiwe ukwandisa isivuno se-biopsy kusuka ku-USeFNAB13, izifundo ezengeziwe zenani lesampula lesivuno nekhwalithi ziyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe inzuzo enemininingwane yomtholampilo yejometri yenaliti efundwayo.
I-Frable, i-WJ Fine needle aspiration biopsy: isibuyekezo.Humph.Ogulayo.14:9-28.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(83)80042-2 (1983).
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-13-2022